Non Dubito Essays in the Self-as-an-End Tradition
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第 10 篇,共 12 篇
Essay 10 of 12

一本登记簿

A Register

Han Qin (秦汉)

四栏,再加两栏

前两章做的是诊断,诊断要有一本账可对:本框架说出的每一条不得不,站在什么上面。《第一批判》立过同样一本,用处说得很清楚:“格式即账房的兑现:登记不证明任何一条,登记让每一条站在它挣得的位置上。”

每一条写四样东西:内容——它主张什么;地位——公理、公设、定义,还是由别的条目推出;担保来源——推得出,由人承担下来,还是只是假说;反对者与分支——能不能想见一个可以理解的反对立场,替代的分支有没有人住。另加两栏。依赖:这一条的担保用到了哪些别的条目;有了它,一条公设被换掉时,才算得出哪些条目随之失去着落——失去着落,不是变假,是暂不结算,要在新的设定下重新对账。

还有立处:这一条在本框架的哪一个系列、哪一节立下,在那里它自称什么。这部书只记立处,不替任何一条立处:它是批判,审它们,记它们,自己不持有它们。立处也不让一条免审,写进哪个系列,都照样过四栏。

定义也有反对者

定义最容易成为不查的地方:它不主张什么,好像就没有什么可反对。其实不然。方法论0 第二版给“非之源”的定义登了反对者,写明“争点在定义本身”。所以这里每条定义也写两样:替代的定义,与采用它的代价;另注明它不作证据。定义说的是一个词在这里指什么,不说谁落在里面。

比如 15DD:“不只有我是目的”——一个人自己施行的一刀,不是在主体之间横向成立的规范。替代的定义之一,是像论文5 那样把它定成一种能力——采用它的代价,是 15DD 成了一样可以分等的东西;若再拿能力的测定决定谁算在内,还须另交测定的根据。不作证据:这条定义不告诉你谁在 15DD。又如殖民,本框架里有两条定义并存:道德律说它是一个动作,价值论说它是一个状态。只用前一条,没有施动者、只剩一个被占着的位置的情形就无处安放;只用后一条,一个机构在做的那个动作,只能从它造成的状态倒着说。两条各照其址用。

自己的法,取价值论的定义:“是承担者自我立法,展开与修订的那个结构形式……不是某一条具体的内容。”替代的定义有两种:康德的自律,普遍法的形式成了每一条自己的法的构成条件;或者把自己的法读成此刻想要什么——它的代价价值论写过:三个概念若不分开,“统一线会立刻滑向主观任意”。不作证据:这条定义不告诉你一个人的法里有什么。

七条公设

① 不疑他者为目的,分两行记。地位一行:论文4 的“人是目的本身”,对象域内每个人的非功绩性规范地位。姿态一行:论文6 的不疑——“我不需要你证明你是目的,我默认你是。”两行之间,论文4 自己留了缺口:从“地位不随任何检验而变”到“我不得要求你举证就该待你为目的”,“中间还缺一步关于待人之道的桥”。缺口只记,不架桥。

② 无横向应当:没有一个人对他人负有的义务;唯一的义务朝内。③ 第一人称不可代写:外部不能替一个人判定他真正认可的是什么;外面的读数可以对,也可以错,不作终审。④ 来源不外置:一项内容算不算一个人自己的价值,资格不由他的源之外的东西给出——不由宣告(“我说这是我的价值,它就是我的价值,这一步不成立”),不由时间(“我持有得够久,它总该算是我的了”),也不由外部的担保。

⑤ 位置条件,两行:一般行动上的不得不都照那个两层的形状读;那个位置可以一件事一件事地离开。⑥ 法与行之间的偏差不清零。⑦ 目的地位不分等级:在目的地位这一层,更高、更低、相等这一类比较没有定义。这七条在它们自己的系列里大多自称命题,有几处自称是推出来的;这部书仍把它们记作公设:非推不出它们,每一条都能想见一个可以理解的反对立场,而且它们看来彼此独立。

构形与分支

一条公设独立于其余,就是有一个构形:满足其余诸条,偏不满足它。实践这一侧,候选大多可以从本框架自己的文字里找。承诺式:许下承诺,就生出向对方负欠的约束,对方可以向你索取——其余都守,只多了一条横向的应当。誓约式:那个位置不许逐件离开,一次离开,就算离开了整个立场。价值论画过的调节者:他可以待你为目的,不对你立横向的义务,只是“宣称我看得出你真正认可的是什么”。以久为凭的人。阶梯式的排序:人人都是目的,只是有高有低。这些构形逐条验证之前都只是候选;那是一笔记在这部书自己账上的附件债。

分支区登已经有人住的替代分支——不是错,是另走的路,各带条件与代价。康德的普遍立法。法权与强制。不建构之法——“有的主体自立之法恰恰是不建构——为道日损,无为而不凿”。理论上的唯我。坦然的支配。拒绝第一条公设的人。还有否认能说不的支配,带着那一戳:上面那句总述对这一行不适用,立不住的是它那一句否认。

旧版不登为分支。本框架自己说过的“不可退出”,不登为一条活路:照《第一批判》的规矩,“一条公设被击穿时,旧版必须死、由修订替换——可替换不豁免死亡,它恰恰是死亡的形式”。谱系却留着:一条在旧公设集下过审的主张,“仍是对那一站的有效记录”。

本分支之法

最后是这部书以“我们”之名守的法——本分支之法,不是给一切人的法。每一条写五样:谁的法;前件;取消不了什么;根据;代价——守它的代价与离它的代价两边都写,只说离法之价,就是冒领免费。承:凡已把不疑立为自己法的前提的人,不要求别人先证明他是目的,再待他为目的;也不因为一个人的行为就收回这一默认;可以判的,是他的操作。守它有实在的代价:对一个正在作恶的人,仍待他为目的,只判他的操作。

被追问不可停——目的式:若要账目的成色与实得之增,则被追问不可停。取消不了的,是外来复核的通道:不能一边以账目的成色提出一项主张,一边把它原则性地置于外来复核之外。可以暂不回应某一次追问,可以换一条通道。“要的是通道,不是无限在场。”《第一批判》留下的那一问——“当受追问”能否立成一条法——由此有了回答:立得成,立成的是本分支之法,给要账目成色的人;“不是给一切主体的法”。

登记簿最后登记它自己:这部书自己的工具——域内零点,正门的新档,认与承之分,代价是余项,四栏地址,判否——各写地位、依赖与限度,共十六条。《第一批判》有一句话,对这一本同样有效:“一本不能登记自己的登记簿,第一页就不合格。”账立起来,只说清了每一条站在哪里。一条法凭什么约束立它的人,是下一章的事。

Four Columns, and Two More

The diagnoses of the last chapters need a ledger to check against: what each cannot-not the framework has stated actually stands on. The First Critique kept such a register and said what it was for: “The format is the counting-house honoring its word: registration proves none of them; registration makes each stand at the position it has earned.”

Each entry states four things: content — what it claims; status — axiom, postulate, definition, or derived; source of warrant — derivable, undertaken by someone, or merely hypothesis; opponents and branches — can an intelligible opposing position be imagined, and is the alternative lived in? Two further columns follow. Dependencies: which other entries its warrant uses, so that when a postulate is replaced one can count what loses its footing — not what becomes false, but what is unsettled until reckoned again.

And domicile: in which series and section the entry was laid down, and what it calls itself there. The book only records domiciles; it lays down none, for it is a critique: it examines, it records, it holds none of them itself. Nor does a domicile exempt anything — whatever series an entry lives in, it goes through the same four columns.

Definitions Have Opponents Too

Definitions are where checking most easily stops: a definition claims nothing, so it seems there is nothing to oppose. Not so. Methodology 0 registered an opponent for its very definition of Negativa’s source, noting that “the point at issue is the definition itself.” So every definition in the register lists its alternatives and the cost of adopting them, and carries a note: not evidence. A definition says what a word means here; it does not say who falls under it.

Take 15DD itself: “Not only I am an end” — a cut a person performs himself, not a norm holding laterally between persons. One alternative defines it as a capacity, as Paper 5 does — and then 15DD becomes something graded, and anyone using the grading to decide who counts owes an account of the test. Not evidence: the definition does not tell you who is at 15DD. Or colonization, which has two definitions in the framework: an act in Moral Law, a state in Value Theory. Using only the first leaves no place for a seat occupied without anyone pushing; using only the second can describe an institution’s act only backwards, from its effect. Each is used at its own address.

One’s own law is defined after Value Theory as “the structural form by which a bearer legislates for itself, unfolds, and revises — not any one piece of concrete content.” Its alternatives: Kant’s autonomy, which makes universal form constitutive of every such law; or one’s own law read as whatever one wants right now — whose cost Value Theory named: without the distinction, “the unifying line will slide at once into subjective arbitrariness.” Not evidence: the definition does not tell you what is in anyone’s law.

Seven Postulates

① Not doubting that the other is an end, in two rows. Standing: Paper 4’s “a human being is an end in itself,” the non-merit standing of every person in its domain. Posture: Paper 6’s non dubito — “I do not need you to prove you are an end; I default to assuming you are.” Between the two rows Paper 4 itself left a gap: “from ‘standing does not vary with any test’ to ‘I must not demand that you prove yourself before I treat you as an end’ there is a further step about how persons are to be treated, and this paper does not build it.” The gap is recorded, not bridged.

② No lateral ought: no duty one person owes another; the only duty faces inward. ③ First-person non-substitutability: no outside party can settle what a person truly avows; readings can be right or wrong, and none is a final verdict. ④ The source is not external: what makes a content one’s own value is given by nothing outside one’s own sources — not declaration (“I say this is my value, therefore it is — this step does not hold”), not time (“I have held it long enough, so it must count as mine by now”), not an outside warrant.

⑤ The position condition, in two rows: every cannot-not in action takes that two-layered shape; and the position can be left matter by matter. ⑥ The gap between law and conduct does not close to zero. ⑦ Standing as an end is not graded: at the level of standing, higher, lower and equal have no definition. Most of these call themselves propositions in their own series, and a few claim to be derived; the book records them as postulates because Negativa cannot yield them, each has an intelligible opponent, and they appear to be independent of one another.

Configurations and Branches

Independence is shown by a configuration: an arrangement that keeps all the other entries and breaks just this one. Many come from the corpus itself. The promise form: a promise creates a binding owed to the other, which he can claim — a lateral ought, everything else kept. The vow form: the position may not be left matter by matter; leave it once and you have left the whole stance. The regulator Value Theory sketched, who treats you as an end and lays no duty on you, but would “claim to see what you really avow.” The one who takes long holding as title. Ladder ranking: everyone is an end, only some higher than others. These remain candidates until each is checked entry by entry; that is a debt the book keeps on its books.

The branch region lists roads already lived on — not errors, other ways, each with its conditions and cost. Kant’s universal legislation. Right joined to coercion. The law of not-constructing — for some, the self-given law is “precisely not to construct — losing day by day, doing without doing, no chiseling.” Theoretical solipsism. Candid domination. Those who refuse postulate ①. And denial-of-no domination, which carries the stamp: of that one row, the general sentence does not hold — what cannot stand is its one denial.

Old versions are not branches. The framework’s own “cannot exit” is not registered as a living road: by the First Critique’s rule, “when a postulate is pierced, the old version must die and be replaced by revision — replaceability does not exempt from death; it is precisely death’s form.” Yet the genealogy stays: a claim that passed under the old postulates “remains a valid record of that station.”

Laws of This Branch

Last, the laws the book keeps in the name of we — laws of this branch, not laws for all. Each states whose law it is, its antecedent, what cannot be cancelled, its ground, and its cost — the cost of keeping as well as of leaving, since stating only the second would be the false claim of costlessness. Adoption: whoever has set non dubito as a premise of his own law cannot require another to prove first that he is an end, nor withdraw the default because of how someone behaves; what may be judged is his operations. Keeping it costs something real: toward a man doing evil, one still treats him as an end and judges only what he does.

Being interrogated must not stop — in purpose form: if you want quality in your accounts and real gains, being interrogated cannot stop. What cannot be cancelled is the channel of outside review: one cannot offer a claim as sound while placing it in principle beyond review. One may leave a question unanswered for now, or move to another channel. “What is required is a channel, not unlimited presence.” So the First Critique’s open question — can “one ought to be interrogated” become a law? — is answered: it can, as a law of this branch, “for those who want quality in their accounts. It is not a law for every subject.”

The register ends by registering itself: the book’s own tools — the in-domain zero point, the front door’s new disposition, the split between concession and adoption, cost as remainder, the four-column address, ruling-out — each with status, dependencies and limits. Sixteen entries in all. One sentence of the First Critique holds for this book as well: “a register that could not register itself would fail on its first page.” The register only says where each claim stands. By what a law binds the one who made it is the next chapter’s work.