Non Dubito Essays in the Self-as-an-End Tradition
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SAE 与西方哲学 · 第二辑
SAE in Dialogue with Western Philosophy · Series Two
第 04 篇,共 13 篇
Essay 04 of 13

做那件事和成为那种人

Doing the Act, Becoming the Person

Han Qin (秦汉)

第二卷开头他立了一条,立得很平常。

他说德性是我们先做起来才得着的,跟别的手艺一样:那些得学会了才做得来的事,我们正是靠着做它们学会的。盖房子的人是盖出来的,弹琴的人是弹出来的。

接着那一句,是这一卷的骨头:照样,做正义的事我们就成为正义的人,做节制的事就成为节制的人,做勇敢的事就成为勇敢的人。

第四章他自己回过头来,把这句话拿起来问了一遍。

他一开口就是"有人会问"。

这四个字在第二卷只出现这一次。整卷九章,就这一处他把话头交给了对面。

那一问是这样的:我们说人得靠做正义的事成为正义的人,靠做节制的事成为节制的人。这话怎么讲得通。因为要是他们做的就是正义的事和节制的事,那他们已经是正义的人和节制的人了。就像一个人做的是合语法的事和合音律的事,他就已经是懂语法的人和懂音律的人了。

这一问不是抬杠。它打的是一个真的口子:要是做那件事就等于是那种人,那"成为"这两个字就没地方安放。

而要留意他摆上来的只有这一头。

还有另一头,读到后面自己会冒出来:一个还不是正义的人,怎么做得出正义的事。这一头他在这一章里没有另立成难处。他摆的是"已经是了,所以不用成为",不是"还不是,所以做不出来"。这个分别到后面那个圈那里会显出分量。

他的回答分两层,而第一层是把对面的类比先接过来用。

他说,就连手艺上也不是这么回事。

一个人可以碰巧写对一个字,也可以是旁边有人指点着写对的。这两种情形他都写对了,可他还不是懂语法的人。得他既写对了,而且是照着自己心里那点语法写对的,才算。

做对了那件事,和照着自己的本事做对了那件事,是两回事。

这一层他没有多费口舌,因为第二层才是他要立的。

他说,手艺和德性还不一样。手艺做出来的东西,好不好在东西身上;东西做成那个样子,就够了。德性上的事不是:不是这件事本身长成什么样就算数,还得看做的那个人是在什么状态里做的。

于是他列了三样。

一,他得知道自己在做什么。

二,他得是选了它的,而且是为它自身选的。

三,他得是从一个稳住了挪不动的状态里做出来的。

这三样列完,他随手排了一下轻重,而这一排出人意料。

他说,这三样,对于掌握别的手艺来说不算数,只有"知道"那一样算。可对于德性,反过来:知道那一样没有分量,或者只有很小的分量;另外两样不是有一点分量,是全部的分量。

一个人可以把该做的事说得头头是道,一样也不算数。这不是他顺口说的重话,是他给三个条件排出来的位次。

接下来那两句,摆在一起看着像个圈。

他说,一件事之所以叫正义的或者节制的,是当它是正义的人或者节制的人会做的那一种。而一个人之所以是正义的或者节制的,不在于他做了这些事,在于他是照着正义的人和节制的人做事的那个样子做的。

拿人定事,又拿事定人。

而他紧接着写下的是"所以"。

所以人们说得对:靠做正义的事成为正义的人,靠做节制的事成为节制的人。而不去做这些事的人,谁也别指望有一天会变好。

他写得出这个"所以",是因为那个圈他前面已经拆开了。拆它用的正是写字那个例子。

"做正义的事"这几个字有两层意思。

头一层只问做出来的是什么:一个还不正义的人,可以碰巧做出正义的人会做的那一类事,也可以是旁边有人指点着做出来的。这一层新手够得着。

第二层问他是在什么状态里做的:知不知道,是不是为这件事自身选的,那个状态稳没稳住。这一层才属于正义的人。

而头一层那一句,正好答了他没有摆上桌的那另一头。一个还不是正义的人怎么做得出正义的事:他做得出头一层那一种。

两句话里的"做正义的事",一句用的是头一层,一句用的是第二层。所以那不是一个自己咬自己的圈,是一条路:靠头一层一遍一遍地走,走到第二层。"成为"两个字的位置,就在这两层之间。

他因此不必绕开,也不必道歉。

章末他还发了一通火,这一段很不客气。

他说,多数人不做这些事,躲进道理里,以为自己在做哲学,以为这样就能成为好人。这就跟病人一样:医生的话听得很仔细,吩咐的事一件不做。那些人这么治,身子好不了;这些人这么做哲学,心也好不了。

而他这一通火底下压着的那一句,这边也认。

两边都不让一次产出直接换来另一种地位。

他那里:做出正义那一类的动作,不等于这个人已经是正义的人。

这边那里:一次划界的所得可以沉淀成稳定的分辨,可那仍旧是一项关于分辨的产出,不是一句关于整个人的判词。这边有一句写在公设里的话,说得很干脆:先天在这里是沉淀。意思是那些看上去本来就有的分辨,其实是一层一层落下来的。

要说准的是两边挨得近在哪儿。不在都要求做很多回。沉淀那一条没有说非得反复;一次真的划界,也可能就沉下来了。挨得近的是另一件:一样东西做出来了,不等于做它的那个人因此换了个身份。

学做菜是现成的例子。照着方子做对一回,和成了会做饭的人,不是一回事。第一回做对可能是碰巧火候正好,也可能是旁边有人一直在说下盐下盐。而做上三年以后,你不必想就知道这锅该收了。中间那三年不是知识长出来了,是别的什么东西定下来了。

他那三个条件里的第一条和第三条,在厨房里分得清清楚楚。

可那个"定下来的东西"说的是谁,两边答得不一样。

他那个稳住的状态是这个人的。它叫性子,它长在人身上,所以他才说得出"这个人是正义的"这句话。

这边那个沉淀是认识的。沉淀成的是稳定的分辨。它给得出一个关于分辨的说法,给不出一个关于人的说法。

照沉淀那一条,这边说得出"这个分法立住了",说不出"这个人立住了"。

那么这边关于人的说法在哪里。

有一处,而它走的是另一条路。这边叫它署名。

那一段说的是判断:每一项哲学判断都有实际的承担者,每一个主体有他自己的哲学。而"自己的"这三个字落在承担上,不落在生成上。一门哲学不必自造,承担一门已经有的,它就因为承担而成了自己的。住得进去的人不必是盖房子的人。

这句话管的范围要说准,它管的是哲学判断和一门哲学,不是一切东西的归属。

在这个范围里,一句是"我从头走到今天,所以是我的"。另一句是"不管这套说法从哪儿来的,我拿它作了判断,所以那个判断是我的"。

这就差了一整个方向。

他问的是一个人怎么变成那种人,答案在时间里的反复。这边问的是一句判断怎么成了一个人自己的,答案不在那套说法怎么来的,在他署没署名。

这一层日常里也有它的样子,只是不在厨房里,在写东西的时候。

一个人写文章,用的是一套早就摆在那儿的道理。那套道理不是他想出来的,他一个字也没添。可他拿它作了一个判断,那个判断底下署的是他的名字。

日后这个判断被人挑出毛病,他说不出"这套道理是别人先说的"来脱身。道理是现成的,那一次判断是他的。

署名那一下他没有变成另一个人。他也没有练三年。他只是拿它作了判。

而一项判断可以当下就署上名,一门哲学不是一句判断。

一项判断在作出的那一刻就已经有人署名,这一格不是空的。上游明写着每一项判断都有实际的承担者。

空着的是更长的那一格。

今天承担一门哲学,明天改它一处,后来不再用它,再后来当众说它不对。这些时刻之间,什么使"这是我的哲学"还是同一句话。是每一次发判重新署一次名,还是头一次承担就一路有效。而它在哪儿终止,谁说了算。

他那边有一套现成的答话,虽然答的是另一个问题:一次动作不算数,是时间里一遍一遍地做,末了还要那个稳住了挪不动的状态。他把跨时间那一段,写成了性子怎么长出来。

这边说清了一句判断归谁。

一门哲学跨过许多次判断,那一段路上它归谁,这边还没有写。

The Apparent Circle

Aristotle's theory of habituation seems to turn in a circle. We become just by doing just actions and temperate by doing temperate actions. But if an action is just, does that not mean its agent is already just? How can the novice perform the activity that is supposed to produce the virtue?

Book II answers by separating the quality of an act from the state of the agent. A product of grammar can be correct by accident or by prompting. In the same way, someone can do what justice requires without yet acting as a just person acts. For the latter, Aristotle requires that the agent know what is being done, choose it—and choose it for itself—and act from a firm and stable character. In the formation of virtue, he adds, knowledge has little weight compared with the other conditions.

The distinction makes practice possible. The beginner can perform actions of the right kind before possessing the settled disposition from which a mature agent performs them. Repetition is not proof that the person already has the virtue; it is part of how the relevant pleasures, pains, attention, and choices are formed.

The Result Does Not Contain the Person

Modern assessment often collapses Aristotle's distinction. A correct answer is treated as understanding. A compliant act is treated as agreement. A successful outcome is treated as evidence of good judgment. Sometimes those inferences are reasonable; none is guaranteed by the product alone.

A child may apologize because an adult supplied the words. An employee may follow a fair procedure to avoid discipline. A person may return lost money while wishing it had been safe to keep. The action matters—especially to the person affected—but it does not disclose the whole state from which it came.

SAE is equally suspicious of promoting a product into a status judgment about the producer. An account should register what the action achieved without claiming more than the evidence shows. “This was a just outcome” and “this is a just person” have different addresses. The second reaches across time, motive, and counterfactual situations. It requires more than the first can supply.

Yet SAE also recognizes sediment. Repeated registrations alter the ground from which later judgments begin. A distinction once labored over may become available without reconstruction; a premise repeatedly used may become invisible. That resembles habituation, but the resemblance should not be mistaken for identity. Aristotle is describing character: how desire and reason become harmonized through practice. SAE is describing what judgments and recognitions become established in an account.

Choosing the Act for Itself

The hardest of Aristotle's conditions is choice for the sake of the act itself. A person may know the rule and reliably produce the required behavior while treating the act as a means to reputation, safety, or reward. From the outside the performances can be indistinguishable.

This does not make consequences irrelevant. The recipient of justice cannot live on the purity of the agent's motive. Aristotle's point is about what kind of person the action manifests and forms. The act belongs to ethical character only when the reason for choosing it has the appropriate object.

SAE's notion of a signature offers a partial parallel. A judgment becomes mine not because I invented every premise but because I adopt responsibility for the judgment and leave myself answerable for it. Inherited language and instruction do not disqualify ownership. What matters is that the person can stand behind the claim under review.

But a signature is attached to a judgment. Character persists across judgments. If I revise one signed claim tomorrow, what makes both acts part of one philosophy rather than unrelated entries? SAE can track sequence, provenance, and responsibility, yet the unity of the agent across time is not automatically produced by the ledger. Aristotle's stable disposition names precisely that continuity.

Formation Is Neither Exposure nor Performance

Institutions frequently choose between two inadequate models. One assumes that presenting the right principles is enough: attend the course, read the policy, pass the quiz. The other assumes that repeated performance is enough: follow the routine until conduct becomes automatic. Aristotle needs both less and more. Knowledge alone is weak, but repetition that never reaches choice and stable disposition also falls short.

Good formation changes what appears desirable, what causes pleasure or pain, and what the agent can do without theatrical effort. It cannot be measured by a single output. Nor can it be imposed entirely from outside, because the mature condition includes the person's own choice.

SAE helps keep the external product in its proper place. It asks what the act actually settled and refuses to infer a complete person from one successful item. Aristotle explains what the ledger does not: how repeated activity can become a way of being.

The distinction leaves no excuse for neglecting acts. We do not wait to become just before acting justly. We practice the kind of action whose form can be learned before its source is secure. But neither do we mistake rehearsal for arrival. Doing the thing is how formation begins. Becoming the kind of person who chooses it for itself is the unfinished work the result cannot display.

《SAE尼各马可》· SAE 与西方哲学对读系列。文本校订以《尼各马可伦理学》通行卷章与 Bekker 页码为准;个别译本的分句差异在正文内说明。 SAE's Nicomachean Ethics · SAE in Dialogue with Western Philosophy. References follow the conventional book/chapter division and Bekker pagination. The English edition is an independent rewrite for Anglophone readers, not a sentence-by-sentence translation.