幸福要不要等到死
Must Happiness Wait Until Death?
梭伦留下一句老话:要看结局。
第一卷第十章,他把这句话拿出来问:那么活着的人里头,是不是谁也不能叫幸福,非得照梭伦说的看到结局不可。
紧接着他自己追了一句,而这一句才是圈套:那么要是照这么定,一个人死了那会儿,他就是幸福的了吗。
这一句他当场判了。他说这话完全说不过去,尤其对我们这些把幸福说成一种活动的人来说。
理由是硬的,硬得不必多讲:死人不做活动。
得认准这一下打的是哪一句。打的是"人死了那会儿他才幸福",不是打梭伦那条规矩。梭伦那条还站着,他只是把它的一个读法先挡掉了。
然后他替梭伦想了一个好一点的讲法:也许梭伦的意思不是说死人幸福,是说到了那时候,你才能稳稳当当地把一个人称作有福的,因为他这时已经在祸患和不幸之外了。
稳稳当当。这四个字是梭伦要买的东西。
可他说,就连这个讲法也有得争。因为死人身上好像还是有好有坏:有荣也有辱,子孙后代过得顺不顺。
由此长出一个真难处,他自己用了"难处"这两个字。
一个人一直活到老都过得很好,末了也走得体面。可他的子孙后来出了各种变故,有的成器,得着配得上的日子,有的正相反。而这些后人跟他隔了几代,远近各不相同。
两头都荒唐。
一头是:死了的人跟着子孙的境遇一起变,一会儿幸福一会儿倒霉,这说不过去。
另一头是:子孙的事一点都够不着先人,一时半刻也够不着,这也说不过去。
这个两难他在这一章里没有解,他把它放下,回到前面那个难处上去。(下一章他给了个了结:后人的事对先人确实有点影响,可那点影响又小又是那么个性质,不至于把本来不幸福的人变成幸福的,也不至于把本来有福的人那份福夺走。)而回去的第一句,是这一章最重的一句。
他说:要是非得看到结局才能称某个人有福,而且称的时候他已经不是有福的了,只是从前是过,那么一个人正幸福的时候,属于他的那个说法偏不能真真切切地说到他头上,这不荒唐吗。
荒唐的不是心情上的委屈,是话说不通:一样东西确实属于他,就在它确实属于他的那个时候,你偏不许把它说出口。
理由他也替对面写了:不肯把活着的人称作幸福,怕的是变故;把幸福当成一样长住的东西,一点也不该翻覆,可运气偏偏常在同一批人身上来回转。
这句写完,"活着不许叫幸福"就倒了。
他接着走正面。
他说,跟着运气走这件事,本来就一点也不对。过得好过得坏不在运气里头。人的日子确实还需要运气搭把手,可做主的是那些合乎德性的活动,反过来也一样。
然后他说了一句很得意的话:刚才走的那个难处,反倒替这个说法作了证。
为什么。因为人的种种作为里头,没有哪一样有合乎德性的活动这样牢靠。这些活动比学问还经久;而其中最贵重的那些又更经久,因为有福的人最多也最连着地就住在里头过日子,所以它们不容易被忘掉。
难处本来是问"幸福怎么这么容易被运气掀翻"。他的回答是:你要的那个不翻覆,正是我这个说法给得出来的,而运气那一头给不出来。你的难处是替我提的。
于是幸福的人一辈子都是那个样子。他一直在做那些合乎德性的事,也一直在看着它们,或者说,做得比别的都多;运气来了他扛得最好看,处处都合调子,只要他真是那个好人,那个用旧诗里的话说四四方方挑不出毛病的人。
他还给了两个比方,都是干活的比方。真正好而且明白事理的人,扛起所有的运气都体面,就像一个将军拿手上现有的兵去打最合算的那一仗,像一个鞋匠拿手上现有的皮子做出最好的那双鞋。不是挑材料,是拿到什么做什么。
这里他还留了一道分寸。他把两个词分开了。落到普里阿摩斯那样的运气里,一个幸福的人不会变成可怜人,因为他永远不会去做那些可恨的下作事;可他也称不上有大福。扛得住不等于还光鲜。
而且他说得很具体:这个人不会花里胡哨说变就变,不会轻易被挪出他的幸福,也不是随便碰上点倒霉事就挪得动,得是又大又多的那种;而从那样的倒霉事里出来,他也不会短时间内重新幸福,要有的话,得在一段又长又完整的时间里,在那段时间里挣着大而好的东西。
到这儿他收口。
收口那一句是问句:那么,一个人合乎完全的德性在活动,外物也够用,而且不是一时是一辈子,把这样的人叫作幸福,有什么拦得住呢。
拦不住。可他自己又添了一问:还要不要再加一句,说他还会这样活下去,也会这样收场。
而加这一句的理由,他明写着:因为将来对我们是看不见的;而我们把幸福定成一个终点,定成完完全全的。
于是全章落在这一句上:
要是这样,我们就把活着的人里头那些已经有这些东西而且还会有这些东西的人,称作有大福的;而是作为人有大福。
作为人。三个字。
梭伦要的是稳稳当当,他的办法是等到人死。亚里士多德把那份稳当退了回去,把话留住了,代价是加上这三个字。
而这三个字,这边有一样东西对着。
两边都不肯把一个当下的说法当成终审。
这边的说法是分两栏。一笔记进账,和这笔账过了复核,是两回事:记在册上不等于过了核对,记错了也照样记在那儿。而且这边把"拿在账上"当"已经验过"来使这件事,专门立了一条,说那是出示一样自己没挣着的凭证。
分两栏这件事,账房里本来就是这么办的。记账的人和查账的人不是一道手续。月底把一笔支出记上,年底才有人拿着单据翻一遍。这中间那段时间,那笔账在册上,可它什么也没证明。
日常里还有一句更近的:他是个靠得住的人。
这句话什么时候说得出口。说了以后他出了事,那是你当时说错了,还是当时说得对,后来他变了。这两句差得很远。前一句是你判错了,后一句是他变了,而这两句容易被搅成一句,搅成"看走眼了"。
分不分得开,就看你把那句话记在哪一栏。
可这两栏为什么不能合成一栏,两边给的理由不是一个。
他的理由是时间。将来对我们是看不见的,所以那句话得留一手。留的那一手对着的是还没发生的事。
这边的理由不是时间。一笔记进账,本身就还没审;审它的不是后来发生了什么,是有没有人来对这笔账。这边有一句话说得很实在:把哪几条前提写进去,这件事本身就是一次判断,不是全知的抄录。
这一层之差落到实处,就分得很清楚了。
按他在这一段明写的理由,要是将来看得见了,至少那一层由看不见带来的保留可以拿掉。他自己写的就是这个:加这一句,是因为将来看不见。(那三个字里还压着别的分量,等下就到。)
按这边那个理由,将来看得见也拿不掉。因为拦着终审的不是将来,是记账这个动作本身还是一次判断。
一个在等事情,一个在等对账。
可人的一辈子会到头。
而这一点并不会让复核跟着到头。被判的那个人收住了,关于他的判断照旧可以改,照旧可以有人来翻。对象闭合和复核闭合不是一回事,这一处不能混,混了就成了拿"人会死"去逼"账得结"。
真正空着的是另一格,而且比结账那一格深。
这边能把每一笔判断记下来,也能让每一笔继续受查。可这些笔是零零散散的:有的彼此顶着,有的后来改了,有的连着一段现在看来白费的日子。这些笔怎么由同一个人接成一句话,接成"他这一辈子过得怎么样",这边没有在这里说过。
他有那个主词。他把"完整的一辈子"直接写进了幸福的定义里:不是随便哪一段时间,是一辈子。他那个"作为人"退让的也是这一句的分量。
这边有每一笔的地址。还没有那一整段日子的主词。
最后回到那三个字。
梭伦买稳当,出的价是等到人死。亚里士多德不肯出这个价。他把稳当退了,留住了那句话,然后加上三个字:作为人。
那三个字是一张写明了的欠条。他没有假装账已经结清,他把没结清的那一部分写在了句子里。
这边把每一笔都写得比他细,一笔一个地址,一笔一份还没结清。
可那些笔加起来是谁的一辈子,还没有它的三个字。
Solon's Warning
Can a living person be called happy? Aristotle raises the question through the warning associated with Solon: look to the end. Croesus may appear blessed at the height of his fortune, yet a life can reverse late. Priam reaches old age in prosperity and ends amid catastrophe. If happiness requires a complete life, perhaps no verdict is safe before death.
The proposal immediately creates trouble. Aristotle has defined happiness as activity in accordance with virtue. The dead do not act. Calling someone happy only when happiness can no longer occur would make the predicate arrive after its object has disappeared.
Nor does death produce a perfectly sealed account. Honors and disgrace may come after a person's death. Children and descendants may flourish or suffer. Aristotle refuses both extremes: it would be strange if the dead changed constantly with the fortunes of remote descendants, and hard-hearted to say those fortunes had no bearing at all. Their effect, if any, must be limited; it cannot make the happy miserable or the miserable blessed.
The problem is not simply uncertainty about the future. It is the grammar of judging a life.
Stability Without Immunity
Aristotle's answer is to shift weight away from fortune and toward activity. Virtuous activities are more stable than external goods. A genuinely good person will continue, for the most part, to act and contemplate well and will bear reversals nobly. Great disasters matter, but they do not turn happiness into a chameleon that changes color with every event.
This allows a living person to be called happy, though with a distinctly human qualification. The judgment is neither a prediction of permanent prosperity nor an oracle delivered from outside time. It concerns the shape of a life already being lived, under the vulnerabilities proper to human beings.
The phrase “as human beings” carries unusual weight. It prevents the account from demanding divine invulnerability while preserving the importance of a whole life. A person can be happy now, not because nothing can happen later, but because happiness is a stable activity rather than the sum of fortunate outcomes.
The End of the Life and the End of Review
SAE also separates an object of judgment from the completion of judgment. A contract can end; the evaluation of the contract can change when hidden conditions are discovered. A historical episode can close; its address can be redrawn by later evidence or by people previously excluded from the account. The event's ending does not close the audit.
Death is therefore a boundary in the life, not a magical promotion of one interpretation into the last word. Even perfect knowledge of everything that happened before death would not settle every question about relevance, inheritance, or the premises under which the life is judged. Later readers do not add new actions to the dead person's life, but they may see liabilities that contemporaries could not.
This is where SAE can learn from Aristotle. The framework is comfortable with discrete judgments: this claim, this address, this set of premises, this remainder. A life is not merely a stack of such entries. Aristotle's “complete life” supplies a grammatical subject capable of holding continuity, reversal, habituation, and the relation between earlier and later acts. Without such a subject, an audit may be exact about episodes and weak about biography.
A Life Is Not a Final Verdict
Obituaries reveal the temptation. Death creates pressure to summarize: a courageous life, a wasted life, a good life damaged at the end. The summary feels authorized because no further act by the person can contradict it. Yet the closure belongs to action, not necessarily to meaning. Others will continue to disclose consequences, reinterpret motives, and contest which episodes deserve to organize the whole.
The opposite error is to refuse all judgment until an impossible completeness arrives. Aristotle rejects that too. We need not wait for death to recognize a life of sustained virtuous activity. Human judgment can be warranted without becoming eternal.
SAE's language of review makes the modesty explicit: a registration may be due and still revisable. Aristotle adds the missing temporal form. A good human life has duration. Its activities form a pattern. Fortune can wound that pattern without rewriting it at every turn.
Neither position grants the comfort of a final certificate. Aristotle permits us to say “happy” while the person lives, under the conditions of a mortal life. SAE permits us to say what an account has earned while leaving it exposed to later correction. In both, finitude is not omniscience.
The question “Must happiness wait until death?” therefore contains two endings. A person must have enough of a life for its activity to take shape. But when the life ends, judgment does not become godlike. The last day closes the life. It does not close every court in which the life may still appear.