Non Dubito Essays in the Self-as-an-End Tradition
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SAE 与西方哲学 · 第二辑
SAE in Dialogue with Western Philosophy · Series Two
第 02 篇,共 13 篇
Essay 02 of 13

自足要算到哪儿为止

How Far Does Self-Sufficiency Extend?

Han Qin (秦汉)

全书第二章,他就把话说到了底。

他说,我们做的事都有个所为。要是每一件都是为了别的什么,为了的那个又是为了另一个,一路往后没有尽头,那么欲求就是空的,是白费的。所以总得有一件东西,是我们为它自身而要的,别的都为着它;而那一件,明摆着就是好,就是最好。

这一段值得先站住看一眼,因为它跟上一本里的东西不是一路货。

《理想国》里那个太阳是摆在那儿的,苏格拉底请你抬头看。这一段不请你看什么。它是算出来的:先假定没有那样一件东西,然后指出这个假定要付的价钱。

价钱他说得很白:欲求是空的,是白费的。

这里得说准,因为很容易把他说过头。

他不是说每一件事本身都不值什么。一件事可以自己就值得要,而同时还为着另一件。他后面举的四样正是这种:荣誉,快乐,理智,还有每一样德性。

他说的是另一件事。你问为什么要这个,答案往后指;再问那一件,答案又往后指。要是这一路问下去,没有哪一件是只为它自身而要的,那么这条追问就没有一个不再往后的落点。

借的不是每一分,是最后那一下。

这个算法很硬,硬在它不劝人。它没有说你应该有个人生目标。它说的是:要么这一路上有一件不再为着别的,要么这一整条要它的劲头没有一个无条件的所为。

第七章他回来把那件东西定下来。

他先定"最终",而且是分三级定的。因它自身被追求的,比为着别的被追求的更最终一级。从不为着别的被选的,又比那些既为自身也为着它被选的更最终一级。最终到底的那一个,是永远因它自身被选,从不为着别的。

然后他举了四样对照:荣誉,快乐,理智,还有每一样德性。这四样我们确实是为它们自身选的,就算什么也不落着,我们还是会要它们。可我们同时也为了幸福才选它们,指望靠这几样过得好。

反过来那一句是硬的:幸福,没有谁为了这几样去选它,也不为着别的什么去选它。

末端就这么定住了。

接着他用另一条路再走一遍,走的是自足。

自足这个词容易被读小,读成一个人关起门来什么都不缺。他先把这层意思挡掉了,而且挡得很宽:所谓自足,不是说对一个人自己够了,不是说过一份独自的日子;是连父母,连儿女,连妻子,连朋友和同城的人一起算在内,因为人生来就是过群居日子的。

这一句写得实在。他没有把幸福缩成一个人心里的事。

可就在这一句的下一口气里,出事了。

他自己说:这些人得取一个界。

为什么得取。他接着给理由:往父母的上头推,往子孙的下头推,再往朋友的朋友推,这么推下去就没有尽头了。

那个"没有尽头",用的是第二章那两个字。

字是一样的,动词也是同一个,只是这一回位置换了个个儿。这两个字在整本书里出现三回:第二章这一回,讲所为的后退;第七章这一回,讲人的外推;还有第三卷一回,讲一个人拿主意,要是一直往下想,那也没有尽头。

三回里头,只有第七章这一回,他写下了那句话。

那句话是:这个改天再看。

得说准这里发生了什么。

他不是没辙了。他说的是这些人得取一个界,而且把得取界的理由一并给了。他没有说这个界取不到,也没有说他那个末端在这儿使不上劲。他说的是:这一处不在这儿办。

写成他在这儿失了手,是替他下了一个他没下的判。

可要紧的不在他行不行。要紧的是:这两回后退,问的不是同一件事。

第一回问的是"为了什么"。这件事为了那件,那件为了另一件。一个自身即目的的末端能收住它,因为整条链上每一环问的都是同一个问题,末端只要能对这个问题说一句"这个不为什么",链就有了底。

第二回问的不是"为了什么",是"算不算进来"。父母算,儿女算,妻子算,朋友和同城的人算。那么父母的父母呢,朋友的朋友呢。这一串不是一条为了什么的链,是一张名单。

而一个自身即目的的东西,怎么就定得下一张名单,这一步他没有走。他标出来说这儿得有个界,然后写下改天再看。

这件事日常里也照样发生,而且发生在同一处。

小孩问为什么要上学,答说为了考上学校;为什么要考上学校,答说为了找份合意的活干;为什么要找份合意的活干。问到某一处,大人多半会说一句"这个不为什么,人活着就图这个"。说得出说不出另讲,可那个位置是明摆着的。

家里办喜事,请客的名单是另一回事。父母当然请,儿女当然请。堂表亲请到第几层。多年不来往的那一个请不请。朋友的朋友,去年在你家吃过一顿饭的那一位,请不请。

这张名单上看不出一处天然的断口。可名单总得定下来,因为酒席就那么些桌。

定它的不是"人活着图什么"。你把人生的道理想得再透,那张名单也不会自己长出一条边来。

那句"最后那一下",这边也是这么算的。

两边认下的是同一句:一样东西的分量要是全从后面那一件来,后面没有尽头,它就真的空。

这句话这边不打折。这边也没有一句现成的宽心话可以躲进去,就是"反正总归做了点什么"那一句。做了点什么,如果全是往后指的,那就还是没有。

他给的这个代价,这边接着。

而下一句就岔了:一次具体的取得,是不是也非得这么往后指。

他的办法是给这一路问下去安一个不再往后的落点。有了那一件不再为着别的,整条路才有一个无条件的所为,整个人的日子才有一个形。

这边的办法是把分量放回每一次里头。

这边每一回取走的东西,不往后指。它是当场生出来的:原先没有的那个分辨,这一回真的有了,站不站得住可以再问,可它已经发生这一点,不靠远处那一件担保。

而那个远处的标准,从来没有被给出过。

所以这边连"离得更近"这句话都不说。要说离得近,得有一段可以量的距离;要有距离,得有两头都摆在那儿。而那一头从来没摆出来过。它不是立在远处可以走近一点的一个标的,它是"每一次收进来的都短于它"这件事的名字。

《第一批判》里有一句话,正对着第二章那个算法:"既然到不了,何必走"这个读法,错在把无终点当成了无所得。

这句话不是冲着亚里士多德写的。可它答的正是那个价钱。他说没有末端就一分不剩;这边说,一分不剩这个结论,是从"分量都是借的"那个前提来的,而这边不认那个前提。

这句话只认下描述的那一半:往下走是实得,不是错觉。往下走该不该走,这边不裁;那是各人自己立的法,归另一门功课去问。

这边的落点也不是被划掉的。

不是划掉了,然后咬牙说没有它也行。是这边这一路上,没有哪一处需要它来兜底。往下能走是一种本事,不是一份义务:没有哪一处缺口逼着你再往下动,也没有哪个落点在前头拽着你。能走和能停是同一枚钱的两面,合起来才是那块地方。

不过两边要的资格不一样,这一处得分清。他要的是一个无条件的最终:不再为着任何别的。这边给的是一次一次的局部的实得:这一回真有所得,而它不声称自己是那个最终。局部的实得够不够让一段劲头不落空,是这一篇要问的;它够不够格升上去当一辈子的最高善,这边根本没有提这个要求。

回到那张名单。

这边说主体可停:一件事往下走,中间得有一处,他按一下就走不动。

可名单不是靠这个定下来的。

"我可以喊停"和"这件事该把谁算进来",是两个问题。酒席上你确实可以不去,这是可停;可谁该在名单上,跟你去不去没有关系。一个人过得好不好,一家人算不算安顿,这一类判断本来就是以过日子为条件的;它该把关系人算到哪一层,可停结算不出来。

而他至少把这一处标出来了。他说这些人得取一个界,说了得取的理由,说了这儿不办。

这一篇从这边带来的那几条里,没有一条替这张名单取界。可停不取,实得不取,那个不设的落点更不取。别处有没有另外的东西可用,这一篇不知道,也不替它说话。

最后回到第七章那一口气。

他说这些人得取一个界,说往上往下推下去没有尽头,说这个改天再看。

紧接着的下一句,他把自足定了下来:所谓自足,是这样一样东西,它单摆着就使一份日子值得过,而且什么也不缺。

再往下,他补了一句防着人抬杠的。他说幸福是一切里头最可取的,而且不是跟别的好东西摆在一处数出来的那种最可取;因为要是摆在一处数,那显然再添上一样最小的好就比它更可取了,添进去的那一样把好加多了一点,而好东西里头多的那一份总是更可取。所以幸福不进那个清单。

这一步走得很干净。他把自己那个末端从"最大的一样好"里拆了出来,免得有人拿加法把它比下去。

再往下一行,那个定义合成了一句:幸福看来是最终的,而且是自足的,它是我们所做的事情的那个所为。

他就在这一口气里,把最终和自足合成了一个定义。

而"自足"这两个字里头,有一处界他自己标着,还没有取。

Two Ways of Going On Forever

Early in Book I, Aristotle gives his inquiry a target. If everything were chosen only for the sake of something else, desire would proceed to infinity and become empty and futile. There must therefore be an end chosen for itself, an end for the sake of which the others are chosen. Aristotle will call it happiness.

Several chapters later he tests happiness by self-sufficiency. Here the argument changes direction. A self-sufficient life does not mean the life of an isolated individual. It includes parents, children, a spouse, friends, and fellow citizens, because a human being is by nature political. Then Aristotle stops. Extend the list to ancestors, descendants, and friends of friends, he observes, and it too goes on to infinity. A limit must be set, but that question will have to be examined later.

The repeated infinity can make the two passages sound like one problem. They are not. The first is a chain of reasons: What is this action for? What is that end for? The second is a boundary of membership: Whose flourishing belongs within the good life attributed to this person? A final end may stop the first regress without drawing the second boundary.

Knowing what ultimately matters does not yet tell us who counts.

The Purpose Chain

Aristotle's first regress is easy to recognize. One works to earn money, earns money to secure a home, secures a home to support a family. If every answer merely borrows value from a later answer, nothing in the sequence ever carries weight of its own. Happiness is meant to be final not because it occurs last in time but because it is chosen for itself.

SAE shares the suspicion of indefinitely borrowed authority. A judgment cannot be valid merely because another judgment stands behind it, if that second judgment has no ground except a third. But SAE does not solve the problem by installing a highest end. Each distinction can produce a local, reviewable gain. A medical diagnosis can be warranted for this patient without being valuable only as a step toward a metaphysical terminus. The gain is real where it is made.

That removes the geometry of approach. If there is no fixed highest point, one cannot say that every justified act is “closer” to it. One can say only what was gained, under what conditions, and what remained unpaid.

The Membership List

The second infinity is ethically sharper. Suppose my happiness includes my children's lives. Does it also include their children's lives? My friend's well-being plainly matters, but what about my friend's friend, whom I have never met? At what distance does relation cease to be constitutive and become merely relevant?

A modern household makes the problem visible. A decision about work hours affects a spouse, children, colleagues, clients, and people whose labor makes the household possible. “My good” is already distributed. Yet no person can practically deliberate as though every consequence for every connected life were equally inside the decision. Some boundary is unavoidable.

Aristotle's honesty lies in marking the need for a limit without pretending that the idea of self-sufficiency supplies it. The concept expands the unit beyond the solitary self, but it does not generate its own membership rule.

SAE can audit proposed boundaries. It can ask who has been excluded, whether the criterion was applied consistently, and whether the people affected retain a place from which to answer. It can distinguish a person ignored by the address from a person considered and outweighed. What it cannot do by form alone is print the final list. “This judgment is not complete in itself” does not tell us whether a distant stranger belongs inside this decision with the same standing as a child.

A Limit Is Not a Membership Rule

Ethical theories often move too quickly here. Once they have shown that deliberation cannot extend without limit, they take practical finitude as permission for a familiar boundary: family, nation, contract, citizenship, proximity. But the need to stop is not a reason to stop at this place rather than another.

The error resembles drawing a budget. Resources are finite, so a cutoff is necessary. Nothing about that necessity proves that the existing recipients are the right ones or that the excluded claims are negligible. A limit answers how much can be carried. A membership rule answers whose claim enters the calculation.

Aristotle supplies more than a solitary model and less than a finished map. Human self-sufficiency is relational and political. The relations cannot be extended indefinitely. The boundary remains a problem.

SAE sharpens the unpaid portion. It can prevent the boundary from becoming invisible, insist that exclusion be registered, and keep the line open to review. But it should not confuse that procedural openness with an answer. The fact that one may stop a chain of borrowed purposes does not confer the right to close a circle of persons.

There are two infinities here. Aristotle stops the first with happiness. He names the second and leaves a limit to be drawn. The space between those achievements is where much of ethics still lives.

《SAE尼各马可》· SAE 与西方哲学对读系列。文本校订以《尼各马可伦理学》通行卷章与 Bekker 页码为准;个别译本的分句差异在正文内说明。 SAE's Nicomachean Ethics · SAE in Dialogue with Western Philosophy. References follow the conventional book/chapter division and Bekker pagination. The English edition is an independent rewrite for Anglophone readers, not a sentence-by-sentence translation.