Non DubitoEssays in the Self-as-an-End Tradition
← Reading Doctor Zhivago← 《日瓦戈医生》解读
||
Essay I of V · Doctor Zhivago《日瓦戈医生》解读 · I / V

Two Amulets

两个护身符

Sep 5, 2026Han Qin (秦汉)Independent English edition中文原作 · 简 / 繁

Edition note: An independent English rewriting of the Chinese argument, edited for textual and historical precision.

A doctor who is free to walk but not to leave

Three armed men stop Yury Zhivago on the road and tell him their partisan unit has lost its doctor. He explains that he has patients and a family. They wait for him to finish and take him anyway. For well over a year he serves the Forest Brotherhood as a medical officer. He can move through camp in daylight, but two attempts to escape end with his recapture and a return to work.

The arrangement avoids the visible signs of imprisonment. There is no cell and no daily declaration that he is a captive. What is absent is the one freedom that would make the others meaningful: he cannot leave.

During a clash with White volunteers, the partisan telephonist beside him is killed. Zhivago takes the dead man's rifle. As a medical worker, he should not be fighting. He aims repeatedly at a charred tree rather than at the young men advancing across the field. They pass in front of it, and men fall. The novel never gives him the comfort of knowing exactly which bullet struck whom.

The same psalm on both sides

After the firing stops, Zhivago examines the dead telephonist. An amulet at his neck contains a badly copied version of Psalm 90 in the Russian numbering—Psalm 91 in many Western Bibles, the prayer of shelter from terror, arrows, and death.

Then Zhivago reaches a White cadet who has fallen near the tree. The young man's amulet contains the same psalm, this time placed in a small case by his mother. One text has been altered through copying and oral transmission; the other carries its own textual variations. Political enemies have arrived with versions of the same hope sewn close to the body.

The symmetry does not declare the war unreal. One uniform still determines what will happen to a wounded person in the other camp. It shows that the division has failed to exhaust either life.

Rescue without conversion

The cadet is alive. A shot has struck the case and left him unconscious. Because the partisans do not keep enemy prisoners, Zhivago exchanges his uniform with the dead telephonist's, brings him back as one of their own wounded, and nurses him until he can travel.

The young man identifies himself and says he will return to Kolchak's forces to continue fighting the Reds. Zhivago releases him anyway. Treatment is not made conditional on gratitude, confession, or ideological improvement.

This scene belongs beside Zhivago's early welcome for the revolution. He once praised its apparent power to cut away a diseased old order. Later he sees what that surgery means from the position of a person seized on a road and ordered to serve an end he did not choose. Experience has not revealed that every revolutionary hope was fraudulent. It has revealed the lives hidden inside the operation's clean metaphor.

The partisan commander Liberius sincerely admires Zhivago and spends nights explaining the future society they are building. That admiration does not return the doctor's right to go home. The novel's sharpest distinction is therefore not between believers and villains. It is between offering a reason and assuming that a reason, once judged correct, may occupy another person's whole life.

Primary text: Boris Pasternak's Doctor Zhivago, completed in 1955 and first published in Italian in 1957. Pasternak was awarded the 1958 Nobel Prize in Literature and was compelled by Soviet authorities to decline it; the novel first appeared in the Soviet Union in Novy Mir in 1988.

版本说明:中文原作;简体与繁体同页切换。事实与叙述结构已作少量校订。

《日瓦戈医生》之一

他从尤里亚金往瓦雷金诺走,路上被三个人拦住。那三个人拿着枪,说他们的医生死了,需要一个替补,跟我们走。他说他有病人,家里有人在等他,说了没有用;对方甚至没有跟他争,只是牵着马站在那里,等他把话说完,然后说走吧。

他就这样被“林中兄弟”带走了,做了一年多、跨过两个寒暑的军医。他不是志愿的:他不算囚犯,白天在营地里自由走动,可是他跑过两次,两次都被抓了回来,抓回来以后照旧让他看病。

*

一次遭遇战。白军的一个营突然扑到游击队的散兵线上。日瓦戈趴在草里,身边是一名电话兵。按照规矩他不该碰武器——他是医务人员,红十字的规矩写得清清楚楚,医务人员不参加交战双方的军事行动。

那个电话兵中弹死了,就死在他旁边。

冲过来的是一队志愿兵,都很年轻。他们的队形散开着,走得笔直,一副学生兵的架势——地上有土包有草墩,趴下去能挡子弹,他们不趴,也不跑,宁可这样往前走。游击队的机枪把他们一个一个撂倒,几乎撂光了。

日瓦戈在那里趴不下去了。死在他四周翻腾,他觉得自己不能就这么躺着什么也不做。他伸手拿过身边死者的枪。

白军往前推的那片空地当中,立着一棵枯树。它被雷劈过,或者被篝火烧过,也可能是上一场仗里炸坏的,如今只剩一段焦黑的树干戳在那里。

他瞄的是那棵树。他一枪一枪地打那棵树,打了很久,子弹打在焦木上,木屑往下掉。他没有把枪口往人身上偏过一次,也没有停下来。

而那些人是从树前面走过去的。三个人倒下了。他站起来跑过去,是想看看能不能救。

*

打完之后他走过去。

先是那个电话兵——他拿的是这个人的枪。他解开死者的领口,看见脖子上挂着一个护身符:一块缝起来的布,里面塞着一张纸,纸上抄着一段经文。

那是《诗篇》第九十篇,俄文圣经的编号,通行本里的第九十一篇——住在至高者隐密处的人的那一篇,说的是必不怕黑夜的惊骇,也不怕白日飞的箭。而这一份抄得七零八落:一代一代口传手抄,字改了,句子并了,错处早就积成了另一副样子,几乎是另一篇东西。

然后他走到他打倒的那个白军少年跟前,解开他的衣襟。

里面是同一篇经文。这一个是缝在一个小铁盒里的,是他母亲缝的。

两个人,一个红一个白,身上带着同一篇护佑生命的经文;差别只在各自流传和抄写出的版本。

白军少年的那一份明确是母亲缝的;另一份已经在口传手抄中改了许多。它们都从战线以外的日常世界来到贴身处,愿望是同一个:别让这个人死。这两个女人不认识,隔着不知道多少里地,各自把儿子送出门,各自在他贴身的地方缝进去同一篇经文。

分边这件事是从外面加到这两个人身上的;而他们各自带在身上的东西,是从家里带出来的。

*

接着那个少年动了一下,哼了一声,伸了伸腿。

他没有死。子弹打在护身符那个小盒的盒面上,人只是轻微脑震荡,晕过去了。

这时候日瓦戈面前是一个很具体的处境。游击队的规矩他清楚:不留俘虏,敌人伤了就当场处理掉。而这是一个躺在他脚边、被他自己打倒又活过来的人。

他做的事情是:把这个人身上的白军制服脱下来,换上刚才那个死掉的电话兵的军装,当成自己这边的伤员抬了回去。

他和助手把他救活了,养了很久。等这个人能走路了,他放他走了。

而那个少年临走的时候没有隐瞒。他叫谢辽沙·兰采维奇,他说他要回高尔察克那边去,回自己的部队,接着打红军。

日瓦戈听见了这句话,还是放了他。他没有劝他,也没有跟他讲道理,更没有拿这件事去换一个承诺。

他后来一直不知道自己那几枪打倒的都是谁。三个人里另外两个,书里一个字也没有再提;他甚至不能确定那三个人是不是他打的——那一片地上同时有几十支枪在响,谁也数不清哪一颗子弹是谁的。

他确定的只有一件事:他开了枪,而他瞄的是一棵树。

*

这一段要放在另一件事旁边看,不然它就只是一个反战故事。

日瓦戈是真心欢迎过革命的。一九一七年秋天他在莫斯科街头,风雪里,一群人围着一张刚贴出来的公告,就着路灯念。他挤过去读完,回家跟人说了很久。

他说这是一个了不起的外科手术——一刀下去,把多少年积下来的、发臭的旧疮利利落落地整个切掉。他说这里面有一种什么也挡不住的东西,说这样的事情历史上没有过;他说这是天才干的活,只有俄国能干得出来。

他说这些话的时候,上面写的每一件事都还没有发生。他不是被骗了,也不是天真——他判断的是他当时看见的东西,而他当时看见的东西确实是那个样子。

而后来那几年里他看见的东西,是一样一样加到他身上的:他在路上被人拦住,被带走,被逼着拿起枪,被告知不许离开;他给一个又一个不认识的人开刀,两边的伤员躺在同一块地上,看上去没有任何分别。

与其说他忽然背叛了先前的判断,不如说他被搬到了另一个位置上,亲眼看见了那场“手术”落到具体身体上的另一端。从那个位置上看过去,他先前看见的和后来看见的,是同一件事情的两头。

游击队的头儿叫利韦里·米库利岑,是这个位置上另一半的对照。这个人不是恶棍。他年轻,读过书,真心相信自己在做一件对的事,而且他喜欢日瓦戈,几乎是崇拜。他每天夜里到帐篷里来找他说话,一说就是几个钟头,讲将来的社会,讲人怎么会变好,讲这场仗打完了世界会是什么样子。

日瓦戈最受不了的不是被逼着拿枪,是这个人夜夜要跟他讲道理。他曾经当面说过:你们的那套东西也许对,可是你们没有权利要求我也这么想。说完他自己知道这句话在这个地方没有用处。

*

游击队里有一个人叫帕姆菲尔·帕雷赫。

这个人打起仗来不要命,杀白军军官杀得最狠,队里没有人比他手上的人命多。而他心里过不去——他自己记得他杀过什么人,一个一个记得。他开始睡不着,开始看见东西,开始怕。

后来队伍要撤,他怕自己的老婆和三个孩子落到白军手里遭报应,就在自己的窝棚里拿斧子把她们砍死了。砍完他走进林子,再没有出来过。

这本书里下手最狠的那个人,最后是被他自己下过的手压垮的。

他逃出来是冬天。他一个人在雪地里走了几个星期,白天走夜里找地方缩着,靠数日子撑住。他身上没有护身符。他母亲死得早,那时候他还是个孩子;后来是别人家把他养大的。


本文依据蓝英年、张秉衡译本(人民文学出版社,1987),人名地名从该本。另有力冈、冀刚译本(漓江,1986)与白春仁、顾亚铃译本(上海译文)通行。

← Series overview← 系列总览Next: Strelnikov →下一篇:斯特列利尼科夫 →