Non Dubito Essays in the Self-as-an-End Tradition
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SAE 与西方哲学
SAE in Dialogue with Western Philosophy
第 10 篇,共 13 篇
Essay 10 of 13

被逐的诗人带走了什么

What Leaves with the Banished Poet?

Han Qin (秦汉)

全书快完了,苏格拉底忽然把一桩旧案又翻了出来。

前面造城的时候,他把模仿的那一路诗人赶了出去。现在灵魂分成几块这件事已经讲明白了,他说,我更觉得当初赶得对。

不过他紧接着说了一句私心话,而且说得很不好意思。

他说,我从小就对荷马有一份敬重,甚至可以说是一份爱,这份东西到现在还在。这话说出来我有点难为情。可人不能比真理更值得敬重。

于是他动手。

第一刀是三张床。

有一张床是神做的,就一张。为什么只有一张,他给的理由很利落:神要是做了两张,那两张后面又会冒出第三张来,因为那两张总得有个共同的样子。木匠做的是第二张,他照着神那一张做。画画的人做的是第三张,他照着木匠那张画。

所以画画的人离真的那一头隔着三层。他手上那个东西,是一个东西的影子的影子。

他把这个数目说得很具体,隔三层,不是隔得远。数得出来的距离,比一句离得远难反驳。

第二刀是一串问题,问的是荷马。

他说,荷马啊,你要是真懂你写的那些事,你早该去做那些事,不是去仿那些事。那么我问你:你替哪一座城立过法。哪一仗是靠你带兵或者出主意打赢的。你有没有发明过什么让人过日子方便的东西,像泰勒斯那样。有没有一群人跟着你,从你这儿学出一套过日子的路数来,像毕达哥拉斯那样。

一样也数不出来。

第三刀最见功夫,他把一门手艺拆成了三份。

用的人,做的人,仿的人。吹笛子的人最懂一支笛子好不好,因为他天天在用;他会告诉做笛子的人,这儿该怎么改。所以用的人手上有的是知道,做的人手上有的是照着话来的把握,而仿的人两样都没有,他只见过样子。

第四刀落在人身上。

他说,量一量,数一数,称一称,这是人身上最靠得住的几样本事。可同一根棍子插在水里看着是弯的,拿出来是直的;同一样东西,离得近显得大,离得远显得小。看着像什么,跟量出来是什么,常常对不上。而模仿这件事,做的正是看着像什么这一头。

刀落到这里都还在讲道理。真正重的一刀在后面,而且那一刀他讲得极准。

他说,你去看戏。台上那个人遭了大难,捶胸顿足地哭。你在底下也跟着难受,而且你难受得越厉害,越觉得这戏好,出来还要夸那个诗人。

可换了你自己家里出事呢。你会撑着。你会觉得一个男人当众哭哭啼啼不像样,得忍住。

他说,这就是问题所在。你自己那点事上被你按住的那一样东西,到了别人的事上被放开了,还被喂饱了。而放开过之后,回到自己身上就不那么好按了。

笑也一样。台上那些话,让你自己说你会觉得丢人,可你在底下笑得很痛快;笑着笑着,回家你就说出来了。

所以他给诗定的罪名是这个:它在浇灌那些本该弄干的东西。

弄干这个词是他自己用的。

判之前他还说了一句,这一句很少有人提。

他说,哲学跟诗吵架,这是古已有之的事,不是我今天挑起来的。他还顺手举了几句诗人骂哲学的话:说哲学是一条对着主人叫的狗,说它在一群傻子的空话里称王。

也就是说,他知道自己是这场架里的一方,不是站在架外头判的。

然后,你以为该判了。可他没有判死。

他留了一扇门,而且门开得很正式。他说,喜欢诗又不是诗人的那些人,可以替诗说话,用散文说,别用诗说。他们只要能说清楚一件事,诗不光让人快活,它对城邦和过日子还有用,那么我们很乐意把她请回来。

不是让人快活就行。要有用。

到这里,两边是碰得上的,而且碰在两处。

头一处是他那份难为情。他没有装作自己不爱荷马。他把爱说出来,再说人不能比真理更值得敬重,然后照着后一句办。一个人拿自己最喜欢的东西开刀,还当众交代自己下不去手,这不常见。

第二处更要紧。他留了那扇门。

他没有说诗是坏东西,他说的是我还没看出它有什么用;你要是能说清楚,我们就请回来。这是一个可以被推翻的判决。整本《理想国》里,这样的判决不多。

然后是分开的地方。

这一边的说法是这样:认识一样东西,说到底是划一道界,把这一边和那一边分开,本系列一直把这个动作叫作落刀。一刀下去立住一块,同时也留下这一刀没有收进去的那一部分。那一部分不会因为没人提它就没有了。

而诗做的事,多半就是让那一部分留着声音。

一个人心里堵得慌,听见一首唱到点子上的歌,那一下不是被谁劝住了。是有个人替他把那件说不出来的事说出来了。说出来它并没有变小,也没有被解决,可它从此不再是只有他一个人知道的东西。

带过孩子的人也见过另一种。孩子睡前要听同一个故事,一遍一遍,讲错一个字都不行。那个故事里多半有一处正对着他自己的什么,而他说不出来是哪一处,你也看不出来。故事没有解决那件事,也没有教会他什么。它只是每天晚上把那一处摆在那儿,让它有个地方待着。

歌没有替他办成任何事。它只是不让那件事变哑。

所以柏拉图那个罪名,这边不否认,只换一句话来说。他说诗在浇那些本该弄干的东西。这边说:弄干不等于没有。你不浇它,它只是不出声。

而一个不出声的东西,最容易被当成不存在。

这一层落回他自己那扇门上,事情就清楚了。

那扇门上写着的那一条是有用。诗要证明自己对城邦和过日子有用,才请得回来。

可诗替人留着的那一部分,恰恰是还没派上用场的那一部分。一样东西要是有用,它早就被收进去了,也就不用谁来替它留着了。留着它的必要,正来自它眼下什么也办不了。

所以这扇门开得再正,诗也进不来。不是因为它没资格,是因为门口那一条量的不是它这个东西。

再往下还有一层,是他自己也走不掉的。

他逐诗人,用的却是一整套诗人的手艺。洞穴是一幅画,太阳是一个比方,线段是一张图。而就在这一卷判完诗人之后没几页,他写了全书最后一个故事,一个人死了又活过来,回来讲他看见的事。那个故事的头一句还套着荷马的调子。

柏拉图没有对这件事说过一句话。他只是这么做了。

而正是这一处,他会问回来。

他会说:你说诗替那一部分留着声音,好。可我给过你一个机制,你回头看一眼。人在别人的事上哭,哭过之后自己那道闸就松了。这个机制我说得很清楚,你也没有反对。

那么我问你:同一只手,怎么分得出它是在替那一部分留声音,还是在拿那一部分做文章。

一首歌把你心里那件事说出来了,和一支曲子把你煽起来去干一件你本来不会干的事,用的是同一条路子,走的是同一道闸。你说前一种是留着,后一种是操弄。分是好分,可你拿什么去分。

我逐诗人,正是因为我分不出来。我宁可把整只手都拿开。

你不拿开,那你手上得有一把尺。你那把尺在哪儿。

这一问不好躲,因为它不是问诗好不好,是问那个替诗说话的人,凭什么担保自己不是在被诗办。

最后回到那份难为情。

他说那句话的时候是认真的。他确实爱荷马,从小就爱,写这一段的时候还爱着。他把这个说出来,然后照着相反的方向办完了事。

一个人对着自己最舍不得的东西下手,还先把舍不得说出口,这已经是很老实的做法了。

只是他没有说,那把刀落下去以后,被切下来的那一块去了哪里。

他把她请出了城门,还在门外留了一句话:什么时候你说得清自己有用,就回来。

她没有回来。她也不是靠有用活着的。

Plato Reopens the Case Against Poetry

Near the end of the Republic, Socrates returns to a decision made while constructing the city: the exclusion of mimetic poetry. Now that the soul has been divided into parts, he believes the verdict even more strongly. Yet he prefaces the prosecution with a confession. He has loved and revered Homer since childhood. It embarrasses him to speak against that attachment, but a person must not be honored above truth.

His first argument is the three beds. There is the form of the bed, the bed made by the carpenter, and the bed represented by the painter. The imitator is three removes from truth, producing the appearance of an appearance.

His second argument asks what Homer actually accomplished in the fields he depicts. What city did he legislate for? What war did he win or advise? What practical invention or way of life did his followers inherit? Plato finds no answer.

The third divides a craft among user, maker, and imitator. The flute player knows what a flute must do and instructs the maker; the maker has right opinion guided by the user; the imitator possesses neither knowledge nor reliable belief about function, only appearance.

The Emotional Charge

The deepest argument concerns the audience. When tragedy shows another person's suffering, spectators surrender to grief and praise the poet who moves them most. When suffering enters their own lives, they try to restrain the same impulses. Poetry feeds what reason struggles to govern.

Comedy works similarly. We laugh at words we would be ashamed to say, and the pleasure of release weakens the barrier when we return home. Poetry “waters” what ought to be allowed to dry.

Plato knows that philosophy is a participant in an old quarrel with poetry, not a neutral judge standing outside it. He also leaves a formal route of appeal: let poetry's defenders show in prose that it is not only pleasant but beneficial to cities and human life, and it may return.

What the Exile Carries Away

SAE agrees with Plato's honesty and with the revisability of the judgment. It diverges over what poetry does.

Every concept draws a boundary and leaves something uncollected. Poetry often lets that remainder remain audible. A song can articulate grief that advice cannot resolve. The grief is not made smaller or converted into a plan; it ceases to be private and mute. A child may request the same bedtime story because something in it holds an experience the child cannot yet name. The story solves nothing. It gives the unsolved thing a place to stay.

Plato says poetry waters what should be dried. SAE answers that drying is not elimination. A silenced remainder is easily mistaken for no remainder at all.

This is why Plato's open door may still be impassable. The admission test is usefulness to civic and practical life. Yet poetry preserves precisely what has not been made useful. Once an experience has been translated into an established function, it no longer needs poetry to keep it audible. The standard measures something other than poetry's distinctive work.

Plato himself cannot dispense with that work. The cave, sun, and divided line are images. A few pages after judging poets, he closes the dialogue with the Myth of Er, a narrative of death, judgment, reincarnation, and forgetting. The prose that excludes imitation depends on some of the poet's strongest instruments.

Expression or Manipulation?

Plato can press the counterquestion. If poetry accesses what reason has not collected, what distinguishes giving a remainder a voice from exploiting it? A song that articulates grief and a song that incites an action may operate through the same emotional opening. The audience's sense of being recognized can be the means by which it is moved.

SAE can propose tests—whether the work expands or narrows the recipient's capacity to answer, whether it invites revision or closes alternatives, whether the maker hides the mechanism—but none guarantees the experience from the inside. Plato excludes the whole craft because he distrusts the available discrimination. Keeping poetry requires a measure that does not simply announce that the poem one loves is liberating.

That challenge should remain. Plato says he loves Homer and proceeds against him. He opens the city gate only to a defense framed in terms poetry may not be able to meet. The poet leaves, carrying the voices that have no civic use yet. She does not return. Usefulness was never what kept her alive.