Structures in Drama戏剧里的结构戲劇裡的結構 · 23 / 23
Primus Stops Choosing Who Must Be Sacrificed
普里姆斯最后不再选择谁去牺牲
普里姆斯最後不再選擇誰去犧牲
R.U.R. (Rossum’s Universal Robots) · Karel Čapek
R.U.R.(罗素姆万能机器人) · 卡雷尔·恰佩克
R.U.R.(羅素姆萬能機器人) · 卡雷爾·恰佩克
Before the test, they already have a day they want to share. Their final answer is not to exchange places, but to refuse the sacrifice.
两人先有了想一起度过的一天,才被推到试验面前。他们最后的回答,不再是谁代替谁。
兩人先有了想一起度過的一天,才被推到試驗面前。他們最後的回答,不再是誰代替誰。
These readings discuss key scenes and endings. They read the plays, not particular stage or screen productions.
本系列涉及关键剧情与结局,阅读对象是剧本文本,而非某一场舞台演出或影视改编。
本系列涉及關鍵劇情與結局,閱讀對象是劇本文本,而非某一場舞台演出或影視改編。
Primus is still reading when Helena goes to the window. She calls him over: the sun is rising. He thinks the book may contain the secret of life and may be more important than anything else. She does not understand its diagrams and, for the moment, does not want to. She wants him to see what she is seeing before the moment is gone. Eventually he leaves the table and joins her.
They entered holding hands. The old man in the laboratory was asleep; books, test tubes, and a microscope surrounded him. Primus warned Helena not to touch things. In the epilogue of Karel Čapek's R.U.R., these two are manufactured robots with bodies that can suffer and deteriorate. The people who made them are gone, and the knowledge needed to make more has been lost.
The sleeper, Alquist, is trying to recover a skill he never possessed. He was a builder, not the keeper of the formula. The burden of preserving life has fallen on him nevertheless. He scarcely allows himself rest. The book that holds Primus's attention belongs to this desperate effort to discover how anything might continue.
Helena is the robot of the epilogue, not the human woman with the same name who appeared earlier. She is experiencing sensations she cannot readily explain and worries that she may be dying. Primus tells her about a dream in which they spoke an unfamiliar language. She describes a place she has found: a cottage, an overgrown garden, dogs and puppies. A dog licked her hand. She wants Primus to come and hold the puppies and spend a day there with her.
These things are near the laboratory and yet belong to another kind of day. Alquist fears that life has no future. The two robots already have a day they want to share. Their words are inadequate to their feelings, and they still ask what they are for. When Primus calls Helena beautiful, she asks what use beauty has. Then she notices his untidy hair and smooths it, leaving her hand on his head.
The question of usefulness has not been answered. A relation is taking shape anyway. He can tell her how she appears to him; she can recognise that touching him feels different from touching someone else. The play gives them these hesitant discoveries before anyone sets a test. Their ordinary possibilities do not arrive as rewards for later nobility.
Helena laughs, and Alquist wakes. For a moment he thinks human beings have returned. He asks their names and identities, notices Helena's shyness, and moves to examine her. Primus steps forward and asks him not to frighten her. Alquist connects the laughter, embarrassment, and protectiveness. He decides to test further and orders Primus to take Helena into the dissecting room.
The command changes her position abruptly. A moment before, she was someone who could invite Primus away from a book. Now she is to be delivered by him into a room whose purpose threatens her life. Their developing intimacy has become interesting to an observer, and that interest exposes them to danger.
The order is especially disturbing because Alquist has himself been afraid of that room. Earlier, robot representatives pressed him to recover the lost knowledge, first through threats and then through promises. He repeatedly told them he did not know how. They demanded experiments on living robots. His hands shook; he understood the work as killing. After entering the adjoining room, he emerged in distress, unable to continue.
He is not an untroubled experimenter who has never felt what compulsion means. The fear of extinction has weighed on him, and his excitement at waking comes out of prolonged despair. But having endured pressure does not prevent him from passing it on when hope appears. When Primus objects, he asks whether someone else should carry out the order.
Primus first threatens to kill him. Alquist asks what future would remain if he were dead, bringing the wider emergency into their confrontation. Primus then proposes a substitution. He and Helena were manufactured on the same day. His body could serve the experiment instead. From the experimenter's perspective, that might meet the need. From his own, it would at least keep Helena out of the room.
The offer expresses real care. It also leaves the requirement intact: someone must be taken, and only the identity has changed. Helena has not been asked whether safety bought by losing him is a future she can accept. The person Primus hopes to preserve is more than a body left outside. She too has begun to imagine a shared day.
Alquist accepts the substitution. Helena cries. He notices that she can shed tears and asks what one Primus can matter among so many robots. The question sits strangely beside his wish to save life. A calculation can treat a single death as the price of preserving countless others. For Helena, the person who has just told her about his dream has no available replacement.
She offers herself instead and moves towards the room. Primus stops her. The two take turns drawing the danger onto themselves, allowing the proposed experiment to continue through successive substitutions. Watching only for the beauty of sacrifice would align us with the observer awaiting proof. Helena's desperation, including a threat against her own life, shows how little room remains for a free answer.
Then Primus changes what he says. He no longer asks to go in her place. He refuses to allow either of them to be killed. Her objection has done more than strengthen his determination to sacrifice himself: it has altered his response. Each wants the other to live, and their wishes finally meet without requiring them to nominate a victim.
Asked why, he says that they belong to each other. Here the words resist someone's removal as experimental material. They do not require Helena to submit to him. His action has just changed because of hers. Their relation has become an answer to the test, rather than something whose permission to continue awaits its results.
Alquist's large problem now faces a smaller future it cannot easily dismiss. He wants life to survive. They want the life they have begun to share. Their refusal has not restored the formula or solved the deterioration of the other robots. It has made visible a cost that was about to be imposed without their agreement.
He lets them go. After their departure, he calls them Adam and Eve. In the English version followed here, that is where the curtain falls. No children are born onstage, and no capacity to reproduce has been demonstrated. The names express an old man's renewed hope. They do not supply a report from the future.
Love has moved Alquist to release them. It should not thereby become an entrance examination for the right to live. A creature without a partner, without this language of attachment, or without a readiness to offer itself in another's place would not become suitable material by default. Nor does the happy release justify the threat that preceded it. Helena's hand was already resting on Primus's hair before Alquist woke.
The garden remains somewhere Helena has described, not a destination the play shows them reaching. They leave the room together instead of passing through the door assigned to one of them. The book's secret is still unread. Outside, the morning can now be part of a day they mean to share, rather than time waiting to be used in somebody else's next experiment.
普里姆斯还在低头看书,海伦娜已经走到了窗边。她叫他过去,太阳正在升起。他却觉得,眼前这本书也许比什么都重要,里面藏着生命的秘密。海伦娜不懂那些图形,也暂时不想懂。她要他快来看,错过了这一次,再多读懂几页,也不能替他看见她此刻正在看的东西。他终于离开桌边,走到她身旁。
两人刚才是手牵手进来的。屋里的老人睡着了,桌上有书、试管和显微镜,普里姆斯还提醒她不要乱碰。在恰佩克的《R.U.R.》里,他们是工厂制造出来的机器人,有会受伤、会衰败的身体。制造他们的人如今已经不在,重造生命的知识也失落了。留下的阿尔奎斯特原是一个建筑者,几乎不肯让自己休息,一直试图找回自己并不掌握的本领。
此刻叫人看日出的海伦娜,是尾声里的机器人,不是此前剧中同名的人类女子。她正在经历一些连自己也难以解释的感觉,身体与心里有陌生的疼痛,甚至担心自己是不是快要死去。普里姆斯说起梦,梦里他们用一种奇异的语言交谈。她又告诉他,自己找到一处人类住过的地方,有小屋、长满野草的花园,还有狗和小狗。狗舔她的手,她想让普里姆斯也去抱抱它们,在那里待上一整天。
这些东西与实验桌上的工作相距很近,又像不在同一种日子里。老人担心的是生命再也不能延续,两位年轻的机器人却已经有了接下来想一起做的事。他们还没有足够的词说清自己发生了什么,甚至仍在问自己究竟有什么用。海伦娜听见普里姆斯说自己美丽,又问美丽有什么用处;接着,她注意到他的头发乱了,伸手替他理好,手仍停在他的头上。用途尚未弄明白,一种相处已经开始。
普里姆斯也说不出她究竟为了什么而存在。他能回答的是,她在自己眼里很美;她能辨认的是,触碰他与触碰别人不同。这不必立即证明他们已经理解全部爱情。可在任何人提出考验以前,剧本已经给他们留下这些不熟练的问答。若从后来的危险才开始讲他们,日出和花园就容易变成一份事后补来的说明,仿佛他们先作出了足够高贵的选择,才值得拥有普通的一天。
海伦娜笑了,阿尔奎斯特醒来。他以为有活人回来了,急忙询问。两人说出自己的名字与机器人身份,他又注意到海伦娜的羞怯,想靠近看看她。普里姆斯向前一步,请他不要吓着她。老人把笑声、羞怯和保护接在一起,决定进一步测试,随即命令普里姆斯把她带进解剖室。刚才还只是使他走向窗边的人,忽然成了要由他亲手送走的人。
这道命令令人惊惧,也因为发出命令的人,片刻以前还在恐惧同一间屋子。机器人代表来见他,报告机器不能制造新的机器人,现有的生命也会逐渐耗尽。他们先威胁他,再许诺给他整个地球;他只能反复说,自己不会。代表们要求用活着的机器人做实验,他连手都在发抖,认为那是在杀人。推动试验的代表也在被选中时迟疑过,后来仍答应了。阿尔奎斯特走进隔壁,却又惊惧地出来,说自己不能继续。
阿尔奎斯特自己也曾被逼着做一项超出能力的工作,也把即将失去全部生命的恐惧背在身上。他醒来时的欣喜,正来自这种长久的绝望。可是,一个人刚刚承受过压力,并不保证自己看见希望时,就不会把压力转给眼前的人。此前他求别人停止,轮到普里姆斯提出异议,他先问的却是,要不要另叫人来执行。
普里姆斯最初以杀死老人的威胁阻止他。老人反问,如果自己死了,他们还会有什么未来。这句话把实验室外那场漫长的灭绝重新带了回来。普里姆斯于是换一个办法,请求用自己代替海伦娜。他们同一天被制造出来,自己的身体也可以供实验。对于寻找制造秘密的人,这个替换似乎足以满足需要;对于他,至少能够让海伦娜不被带走。
他是真心在保护她。但这个办法仍让房间里保留着原来的要求:总得有一个被送进去,只是现在由自己来承担。他并没有先问海伦娜,愿不愿意用失去他来换得安全;就像老人没有问他们,愿不愿意把共同的一天交给这个试验。两种行为的用意相差很远,却仍会在下一步行动上碰到同一个人。那个被他打算保全的人,不只是一个可以留在外面的身体,她也会失去自己正在想亲近的人。
阿尔奎斯特答应改用普里姆斯,海伦娜哭起来。他注意到她能流泪,又问,这个普里姆斯对她算什么,世上多一个少一个,又有什么关系。这句话与他要拯救生命的愿望紧挨着。以数量来想,失去一个也许能换回无数个;可那个刚在她面前讲述梦境的人,不能因为世上还有别的机器人,就由谁补上。她不接受这次交换,转而提出让自己进去,普里姆斯又拦住了她。
两个人轮流把危险往自己身上接,实验的要求便可以一轮轮继续。若只赞叹他们愿意牺牲,就容易顺着试验者的目光看下去,等待谁给出更令人感动的证据。海伦娜的惊惧已经发展到以自己的死亡相逼,处境并没有因为动机是爱而变得美好。她正在失去可以从容回答的余地。这份危险值得被看见,却不应被当作爱必须达到的深度。
普里姆斯最后改变了回答。他不再要求把自己带进去,也不再接受她去。他面对老人,拒绝让其中任何一个被杀。这一次,海伦娜的反对没有只使他更坚决地替她牺牲,而是使他停止替两个人选一个承受者。她想保住他,他也想保住她,两份愿望终于不必通过轮流舍弃自己才能相遇。
老人追问为什么,他说两人属于彼此。这句话在此刻所阻止的,是把其中一个当作可以取走的材料;它没有要求海伦娜必须服从自己。他的行动反而因她的阻拦而改变了。两个人的关系开始成为对试验的回答,不是等试验完成以后,才由老人判断是否可以继续的东西。
这个回答也让老人的大问题变得难以照原样摆放。他要保住生命的未来,眼前却已经有人在请求不要毁掉他们共有的未来。两件事不必永远互相排斥,但不能先规定,较小、较近的那一种只能被较大的目标拿去使用。普里姆斯的抗拒没有找回制造配方,也没有解决其他机器人的衰亡;它只是使一个没有被询问过的代价,不能再安静地通过。
阿尔奎斯特让他们走,两人离开。他随后称他们为亚当和夏娃。在这份英文版本里,剧就在这里落幕,没有继续展示他们生育后代,也没有证明某种新生命已经能够繁衍。这是老人重新燃起的希望,未来还没有展开。若随着他的欣喜,立刻把两人安置为重建世界的一对祖先,我们也可能忘记,他们刚刚才从另一项保存世界的任务里脱身。
爱情在这场戏里使老人改变了行为,爱情却不应由此成为其他生命必须通过的考试。一个没有伴侣、不会用这种方式表达亲近,也不愿提出代死的人,不该因为缺少这场动人的表现,就被我们留给解剖室。同样,两人最后能够离开,不能倒过来证明先前的威胁是使他们发现爱情所必需的办法。老人醒来以前,那双理头发的手已经停在那里。
剧本没有带我们走进她说过的花园。那里能不能成为住处,两人以后怎样生活,都还未发生在台上。我们只看见他们没有走向被指定的那扇门,而是一同离开了房间。书里未读懂的东西仍未读懂,窗外的早晨却已经属于他们要去过的一天,不只是别人等着拿来做下一次试验的时间。
普里姆斯還在低頭看書,海倫娜已經走到了窗邊。她叫他過去,太陽正在升起。他卻覺得,眼前這本書也許比什麼都重要,裡面藏著生命的秘密。海倫娜不懂那些圖形,也暫時不想懂。她要他快來看,錯過了這一次,再多讀懂幾頁,也不能替他看見她此刻正在看的東西。他終於離開桌邊,走到她身旁。
兩人剛才是手牽手進來的。屋裡的老人睡著了,桌上有書、試管和顯微鏡,普里姆斯還提醒她不要亂碰。在恰佩克的《R.U.R.》裡,他們是工廠製造出來的機器人,有會受傷、會衰敗的身體。製造他們的人如今已經不在,重造生命的知識也失落了。留下的阿爾奎斯特原是一個建築者,幾乎不肯讓自己休息,一直試圖找回自己並不掌握的本領。
此刻叫人看日出的海倫娜,是尾聲裡的機器人,不是此前劇中同名的人類女子。她正在經歷一些連自己也難以解釋的感覺,身體與心裡有陌生的疼痛,甚至擔心自己是不是快要死去。普里姆斯說起夢,夢裡他們用一種奇異的語言交談。她又告訴他,自己找到一處人類住過的地方,有小屋、長滿野草的花園,還有狗和小狗。狗舔她的手,她想讓普里姆斯也去抱抱它們,在那裡待上一整天。
這些東西與實驗桌上的工作相距很近,又像不在同一種日子裡。老人擔心的是生命再也不能延續,兩位年輕的機器人卻已經有了接下來想一起做的事。他們還沒有足夠的詞說清自己發生了什麼,甚至仍在問自己究竟有什麼用。海倫娜聽見普里姆斯說自己美麗,又問美麗有什麼用處;接著,她注意到他的頭髮亂了,伸手替他理好,手仍停在他的頭上。用途尚未弄明白,一種相處已經開始。
普里姆斯也說不出她究竟為了什麼而存在。他能回答的是,她在自己眼裡很美;她能辨認的是,觸碰他與觸碰別人不同。這不必立即證明他們已經理解全部愛情。可在任何人提出考驗以前,劇本已經給他們留下這些不熟練的問答。若從後來的危險才開始講他們,日出和花園就容易變成一份事後補來的說明,彷彿他們先作出了足夠高貴的選擇,才值得擁有普通的一天。
海倫娜笑了,阿爾奎斯特醒來。他以為有活人回來了,急忙詢問。兩人說出自己的名字與機器人身分,他又注意到海倫娜的羞怯,想靠近看看她。普里姆斯向前一步,請他不要嚇著她。老人把笑聲、羞怯和保護接在一起,決定進一步測試,隨即命令普里姆斯把她帶進解剖室。剛才還只是使他走向窗邊的人,忽然成了要由他親手送走的人。
這道命令令人驚懼,也因為發出命令的人,片刻以前還在恐懼同一間屋子。機器人代表來見他,報告機器不能製造新的機器人,現有的生命也會逐漸耗盡。他們先威脅他,再許諾給他整個地球;他只能反復說,自己不會。代表們要求用活著的機器人做實驗,他連手都在發抖,認為那是在殺人。推動試驗的代表也在被選中時遲疑過,後來仍答應了。阿爾奎斯特走進隔壁,卻又驚懼地出來,說自己不能繼續。
阿爾奎斯特自己也曾被逼著做一項超出能力的工作,也把即將失去全部生命的恐懼背在身上。他醒來時的欣喜,正來自這種長久的絕望。可是,一個人剛剛承受過壓力,並不保證自己看見希望時,就不會把壓力轉給眼前的人。此前他求別人停止,輪到普里姆斯提出異議,他先問的卻是,要不要另叫人來執行。
普里姆斯最初以殺死老人的威脅阻止他。老人反問,如果自己死了,他們還會有什麼未來。這句話把實驗室外那場漫長的滅絕重新帶了回來。普里姆斯於是換一個辦法,請求用自己代替海倫娜。他們同一天被製造出來,自己的身體也可以供實驗。對於尋找製造秘密的人,這個替換似乎足以滿足需要;對於他,至少能夠讓海倫娜不被帶走。
他是真心在保護她。但這個辦法仍讓房間裡保留著原來的要求:總得有一個被送進去,只是現在由自己來承擔。他並沒有先問海倫娜,願不願意用失去他來換得安全;就像老人沒有問他們,願不願意把共同的一天交給這個試驗。兩種行為的用意相差很遠,卻仍會在下一步行動上碰到同一個人。那個被他打算保全的人,不只是一個可以留在外面的身體,她也會失去自己正在想親近的人。
阿爾奎斯特答應改用普里姆斯,海倫娜哭起來。他注意到她能流淚,又問,這個普里姆斯對她算什麼,世上多一個少一個,又有什麼關係。這句話與他要拯救生命的願望緊挨著。以數量來想,失去一個也許能換回無數個;可那個剛在她面前講述夢境的人,不能因為世上還有別的機器人,就由誰補上。她不接受這次交換,轉而提出讓自己進去,普里姆斯又攔住了她。
兩個人輪流把危險往自己身上接,實驗的要求便可以一輪輪繼續。若只贊嘆他們願意犧牲,就容易順著試驗者的目光看下去,等待誰給出更令人感動的證據。海倫娜的驚懼已經發展到以自己的死亡相逼,處境並沒有因為動機是愛而變得美好。她正在失去可以從容回答的餘地。這份危險值得被看見,卻不應被當作愛必須達到的深度。
普里姆斯最後改變了回答。他不再要求把自己帶進去,也不再接受她去。他面對老人,拒絕讓其中任何一個被殺。這一次,海倫娜的反對沒有只使他更堅決地替她犧牲,而是使他停止替兩個人選一個承受者。她想保住他,他也想保住她,兩份願望終於不必通過輪流捨棄自己才能相遇。
老人追問為什麼,他說兩人屬於彼此。這句話在此刻所阻止的,是把其中一個當作可以取走的材料;它沒有要求海倫娜必須服從自己。他的行動反而因她的阻攔而改變了。兩個人的關係開始成為對試驗的回答,不是等試驗完成以後,才由老人判斷是否可以繼續的東西。
這個回答也讓老人的大問題變得難以照原樣擺放。他要保住生命的未來,眼前卻已經有人在請求不要毀掉他們共有的未來。兩件事不必永遠互相排斥,但不能先規定,較小、較近的那一種只能被較大的目標拿去使用。普里姆斯的抗拒沒有找回製造配方,也沒有解決其他機器人的衰亡;它只是使一個沒有被詢問過的代價,不能再安靜地通過。
阿爾奎斯特讓他們走,兩人離開。他隨後稱他們為亞當和夏娃。在這份英文版本裡,劇就在這裡落幕,沒有繼續展示他們生育後代,也沒有證明某種新生命已經能夠繁衍。這是老人重新燃起的希望,未來還沒有展開。若隨著他的欣喜,立刻把兩人安置為重建世界的一對祖先,我們也可能忘記,他們剛剛才從另一項保存世界的任務裡脫身。
愛情在這場戲裡使老人改變了行為,愛情卻不應由此成為其他生命必須通過的考試。一個沒有伴侶、不會用這種方式表達親近,也不願提出代死的人,不該因為缺少這場動人的表現,就被我們留給解剖室。同樣,兩人最後能夠離開,不能倒過來證明先前的威脅是使他們發現愛情所必需的辦法。老人醒來以前,那雙理頭髮的手已經停在那裡。
劇本沒有帶我們走進她說過的花園。那裡能不能成為住處,兩人以後怎樣生活,都還未發生在台上。我們只看見他們沒有走向被指定的那扇門,而是一同離開了房間。書裡未讀懂的東西仍未讀懂,窗外的早晨卻已經屬於他們要去過的一天,不只是別人等著拿來做下一次試驗的時間。
Text & sources文本与来源文本與來源
This essay reads the Epilogue of R.U.R., including the ending, in the English version by Paul Selver and Nigel Playfair, available as Project Gutenberg eBook 59112. This version ends after the pair leave and Alquist names them Adam and Eve; the essay does not import closing speeches from other versions.
本文细读《R.U.R.》尾声,包含结尾。采用 Paul Selver 与 Nigel Playfair 英文版本,见 Project Gutenberg eBook 59112;中文对白据此译述。该版本在两人离开、阿尔奎斯特称他们为亚当与夏娃后落幕,本文不接入其他版本的末尾独白。
本文細讀《R.U.R.》尾聲,包含結尾。採用 Paul Selver 與 Nigel Playfair 英文版本,見 Project Gutenberg eBook 59112;中文對白據此譯述。該版本在兩人離開、阿爾奎斯特稱他們為亞當與夏娃後落幕,本文不接入其他版本的末尾獨白。