Non DubitoA Mind in Many Languages
Search搜索搜尋
EN

Structures in Drama戏剧里的结构戲劇裡的結構 · 01 / 23

Helmer Says, “I Forgive You”: Why Nora Leaves After the Danger Passes

海尔茂说“我原谅你”:为什么危机过去以后,娜拉反而要离开

海爾茂說「我原諒你」:為什麼危機過去以後,娜拉反而要離開

A Doll’s House · Henrik Ibsen

玩偶之家 · 亨利克·易卜生

玩偶之家 · 亨利克·易卜生

The bond is burned and Helmer thinks life can resume. Nora changes out of her party dress and asks him to sit opposite her.

债据烧掉以后,海尔茂以为生活可以恢复。娜拉却换下舞会服装,请他坐到桌子对面。

債據燒掉以後,海爾茂以為生活可以恢復。娜拉卻換下舞會服裝,請他坐到桌子對面。

Han Qin (秦汉秦汉秦漢) ·

These readings discuss key scenes and endings. They read the plays, not particular stage or screen productions.

本系列涉及关键剧情与结局,阅读对象是剧本文本,而非某一场舞台演出或影视改编。

本系列涉及關鍵劇情與結局,閱讀對象是劇本文本,而非某一場舞台演出或影視改編。

The second letter arrives late at night. The maid says it is for Nora, but Helmer takes it. He reads by the lamp, notices the document enclosed, and suddenly cries out that he is saved. Nora asks what has happened to her. He quickly includes her in his relief: both of them are saved.

Krogstad has returned the bond that made his threat effective. Helmer tears it up with the letters and burns the pieces. He wants the whole business to become a nightmare from which they have now awakened. At last he thinks of what Nora must have suffered during the preceding days.

She does not become cheerful. He decides that he understands this, too. She cannot yet believe that he has forgiven her.

The scene comes near the end of Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House. The danger that appeared to be driving the drama has receded. Yet the marriage is about to face a conversation that danger had kept postponing.

Years earlier, Nora secretly borrowed money to take her sick husband south to recover. She forged her father’s signature on the bond and has worked to repay the debt without telling Helmer where the money came from. Her motive was loving; the concealment and forgery were real. Neither fact makes the other disappear.

When Helmer read Krogstad’s first letter, he did not ask how they might face the situation together. He locked the door and accused Nora of destroying his happiness and future. He announced the arrangement under which she would remain in the house: outwardly they would continue as a married couple, but she would no longer be allowed to bring up the children. Maintaining appearances had become the immediate task.

His relief now need not be fraudulent. He may genuinely want to protect the woman who has been frightened. The problem lies in the account of their situation that protection already assumes. Nora made a mistake; he was endangered; he has decided to pardon her. Before she has explained what this evening has revealed to her, he has supplied the conclusion.

Forgiveness would answer a request Nora is not making. It also leaves untouched the question of whether Helmer owes her an apology for the threats and humiliations he has just delivered. He wants her to set aside his frightened words and trust him to guide her. Her good intentions remain lovable precisely because, in his account, she could not judge the means she used.

Nora thanks him and goes to change out of her party dress. He continues speaking from the doorway. His images of protection grow more tender and more possessive. A husband who has forgiven his wife, he explains, feels that she belongs to him more completely, as though he has given her life anew. She becomes both his wife and his child.

When she returns in everyday clothes, she says that they will not go to bed yet. She checks the time, sits at the table, and asks him to sit opposite. The arrangement of the room changes the conversation. Instead of being soothed from a doorway, she wants to spend time on what he considers settled.

She starts with her father. She adopted his opinions or concealed her disagreements to avoid displeasing him. After marriage she accommodated Helmer’s tastes. Looking back, she cannot always distinguish enjoying something from performing enjoyment. Sometimes it was one, sometimes the other.

This is more searching than the discovery of a finished, authentic self that has simply been hidden away. Nora is recognizing judgments she has scarcely attempted to make without considering whom they might please. She needs to learn what she thinks, not merely announce opinions that have been waiting fully formed.

Helmer does hear something. He admits that her account contains truth, although he finds it exaggerated. His proposed remedy is education: playtime will end and instruction will begin. Nora asks whom he intends to educate—her or the children. Both, he replies.

That small exchange carries the difficulty. He is prepared to change his method of teaching while retaining his place as the teacher. She has just described being treated as a child; he offers to bring the child up more successfully.

People in a marriage can have unequal skills and help each other learn. What matters here is whether Nora’s answer can alter the terms of their life together. If every disagreement ends with one person needing instruction and the other explaining the lesson, the conversation cannot become a shared judgment.

Nora does not have to declare all their pleasure counterfeit. She remembers kindness and acknowledges that the household has offered enjoyment. Being cherished and being treated as an adult with a say in consequential decisions are different experiences. The first can have existed without providing the second.

She must also relinquish the husband she imagined. Before the letter arrived, she expected an extraordinary act: Helmer would reject the blackmail and take the responsibility upon himself. She dreaded the sacrifice even while expecting it. Her imagined proof of love had not been discussed with the man who would supposedly provide it.

Recognizing this does not distribute responsibility equally. It does give Nora something to revise besides her verdict on him. She has invested in an account of his love that the evening cannot sustain. When he says that he would work and endure poverty for her but cannot sacrifice his honor, their difference is no longer concealed by affectionate names.

Nora’s answer recalls the women who have made precisely such sacrifices. But she is no longer simply waiting for him to perform one in return. She wants to discover what a marriage might be when its ordinary life, rather than an imagined rescue, gives each person a place.

Their conversation reaches religion, law, and the duties of a mother. Helmer treats these as established reasons for her to stay. Nora repeatedly answers that she does not yet understand them. Her determination is not a claim to possess all the answers. It is a refusal to let her husband continue answering the questions on her behalf.

The children make leaving more difficult than an uncomplicated gesture of liberation. Nora believes that she cannot educate them properly as she is and that their existing care is better than what she can presently provide. This is her judgment, not a guarantee about their future. They have no voice in the final conversation, and returning a wedding ring cannot dissolve her relationship with them.

Their need for care nevertheless does not establish that she must remain inside this particular marital arrangement. Several responsibilities meet at the door. The play offers no departure that satisfies them all without cost.

Helmer eventually acknowledges the distance between them. He says he could change. He asks her to wait and proposes that they might live together as brother and sister. Nora does not treat these suggestions as changes already made. Nor does she pronounce him incapable of ever becoming different. She decides that she cannot stay now.

Her immediate arrangements are modest: a coat, a hat, a small bag, somewhere to spend the night with her friend. She has a next destination, not a comprehensive new life. The uncertainty is part of the decision rather than evidence that no decision is possible.

They exchange rings. Nora leaves her keys and arranges for her belongings to be collected. Earlier Helmer wanted the crisis to be over so that the household could resume. What Nora ends is the assumption that resuming the household would settle the crisis.

She will remember him, the children, and the house. Leaving does not depend on erasing eight years. When he asks whether he must always remain a stranger to her, she describes a change they would both have to undergo before living together could become a marriage. She no longer believes in that miracle. He still wants to.

Ibsen does not convert his hope into reconciliation or count his distress as completed repair. Nora leaves through the hall. Helmer covers his face, then looks around the empty room. The stage does not follow her outside to certify a happier future. From below comes the sound of the door closing.

夜已经很深,女佣送来第二封信,说是给女主人的。海尔茂接过信,没有交给娜拉。他站在灯旁拆开,先读几行,又看见里面附着的纸,忽然欢呼起来:自己获救了。娜拉问,那我呢?他赶紧回答,你当然也获救了,我们两个人都获救了。那张曾经使敲诈成为可能的债据已经退回,写信的人也表示不再追究。刚才还可能毁掉整个家庭的东西,如今就在他手中。

他不愿再仔细看那张债据,把它与两封信一起撕碎,扔进火炉,看着纸烧掉。这场灾难应当只剩一个噩梦了。他也终于想到,娜拉这三天一定非常难过;她回答,自己的确打了一场艰苦的仗。他随即阻止回忆继续向下:不要再想那些可怕的事,只要高兴,事情已经过去。可娜拉的面孔没有随着火焰恢复从前的神色。海尔茂替她找到解释:她大概还不相信,自己已经得到原谅。

在第二封信到来以前,他读到的是另一种消息。多年前,为了让重病的丈夫去南方休养,娜拉秘密借了钱,还在担保文书上冒签父亲姓名。她一直设法偿还,也一直没有让丈夫知道钱的真正来源。如今,放款人柯洛克斯泰用这件事施加压力。救丈夫的动机是真的,隐瞒和伪造也是真的;她不能仅凭爱情,便让自己做过的事不再需要说明。

然而,海尔茂读完第一封信,并没有与她一起商量怎样面对。他锁上通往门厅的门,要求她留下接受追问,指责她毁掉了自己的幸福与前途。接下来的安排也由他宣布:对外仍像一对正常夫妻,她继续住在家中,却不能再教育孩子。他要挽救的是尚能保住的外观。娜拉就站在同一个房间里,听见自己从令人骄傲的妻子变成必须受管束的危险。

现在,债据退回了,海尔茂的恐惧也退了。他的喜悦不必是假,愿意重新照顾妻子的心情也未必全是表演。他确实想到她受过惊吓,想把她安顿下来,许诺以后不再责备。只是这份照顾已经替两个人决定了问题是什么:娜拉犯了错,他受到连累,现在他愿意宽恕,生活便可以继续。她还没有说出自己究竟看见了什么,结论就已经替她准备好了。

于是,一句本来可能修补关系的话,在这里反复错过了听者。海尔茂说的是原谅她,并不是为刚才威胁、羞辱和单方面安排她的生活向她道歉。他要她不再计较自己惊慌时说过的重话,又保证她仍然可爱,因为她虽然没有判断手段的能力,却毕竟出于爱。她以后只需依靠他,由他指导。能够承认她的好意,与能够承认她也有资格判断这段婚姻,在他的话里仍然隔着一段距离。

娜拉谢过他的原谅,走进旁边的房间,脱下舞会服装。海尔茂站在敞开的门边继续安慰。他把自己比作展开翅膀的保护者,把她比作刚逃离鹰爪的鸽子;他还解释,丈夫宽恕妻子以后,会觉得她更加属于自己,仿佛重新给了她生命,她也就同时成为妻子与孩子。他以为这些话会使她安心。娜拉再次出现时,却已换上日常衣服,告诉他,今晚不睡了。

她看一眼表,在桌边坐下,请海尔茂坐到对面。刚才,丈夫还在门边说明她明天应当怎样恢复快乐;现在,她要求两个人坐下来,花时间谈他以为已经解决的事。海尔茂说自己不明白,她回答,他从未真正理解她,而在今晚以前,自己也没有真正理解他。这场谈话不再以让她平静为目的,而是要让她的话有机会改变他们对生活的理解。

她从父亲说起。父亲有自己的见解,她便随声附和;若有不同想法,就藏起来,以免惹他不快。结婚以后,她又按照丈夫的趣味生活。回头看,她甚至不能完全确定,自己究竟真的喜欢那些东西,还是只学会了表现得喜欢。有时是一种,有时又是另一种。她不是拿出一份早已完成的真实自我,证明这些年全被别人压住;她正在发现,自己还有许多判断,从未在不取悦谁的情况下认真做过。

海尔茂听见这里,并非一点也没有听进去。他承认她的话有些道理,虽然在自己看来说得太过。于是他提出改变:游戏结束了,以后开始教育。娜拉反问,教育谁,是我还是孩子?他回答,两者都是。这几句短短的来回,把问题留在桌子中间。他愿意改变教导的方法,却仍自然地把自己放在教师的位置。她刚说自己一直像个孩子,他提供的补救,仍然是把这个孩子教得更好。

夫妻可以互相提醒,海尔茂对借款和伪造的担忧也并非全无根据。困难在于,他是否容许娜拉的回答改变谁来判断、怎样共同生活,而不只是补充自己需要了解的情况。两个人可以有能力差别,也可以互相依靠;若每次出现异议,最后都只剩一个人需要学习,另一个人负责说明正确答案,亲近便很难成为共同商量。

他们曾经有过的欢乐,不必因此全部变成骗局。娜拉自己也承认,海尔茂一直待她亲切,生活里有许多使人高兴的事。她现在重新区分的是,高兴与她所需要的共同生活是不是同一回事。她确实得到过宠爱,却没有在重要事情上被当作能判断的成年人。她离开,并不需要先把每一次笑声和照顾都宣布无效。

她也必须离开自己给丈夫编排的角色。来信揭开秘密以前,她一直期待一个奇迹:海尔茂会拒绝敲诈,并挺身把责任揽到自己身上。她又不愿他真的这样牺牲。她把他的爱情预想成一种不惜代价的担当,却没有与眼前这个人共同谈过,事情真的发生时该怎样处理。现在她承认,自己所等待的丈夫与实际站在房里的人并不相同。这不使双方的责任对称,却使她的变化不只是审判别人,也包含放下自己原来的期待。

当海尔茂说,他愿为她工作、忍受贫穷,却不能为爱情牺牲名誉时,两人的分歧终于不能再靠温柔称呼遮过去。娜拉回答,已有许多女人这样做过。她不再等待那一场想象中的牺牲发生,才允许自己继续活下去。她转而要弄清,爱情在没有奇迹的日常里,应当给彼此什么位置。

谈话接着碰到宗教、法律与母亲的责任。海尔茂把它们当作应当使她停下的依据,娜拉却一再说,自己还没有弄懂。她不再满足于重复多数人的说法或书中的现成答案,但也没有宣布所有答案都已经在自己这里。她认为首先必须教育自己,了解自己与周围的世界。她的坚定不是对全部人生都有把握,而是知道,不能继续把尚未弄明白的事交给丈夫替自己回答。

孩子使这一决定不能轻易变成一声喝彩。娜拉认为,自己目前还不能承担好教育他们的工作,孩子留在现有照料中更妥当;这是她的判断,不是剧本替未来做出的保证。三个孩子没有进入最后这场谈话,他们将怎样经历母亲的离开,仍是一个未被回答的问题。她与他们的关系不会因交还戒指就随之解除。但孩子确实需要照料,也不能反过来证明,她只有留在原来的婚姻安排里才有资格成为母亲。门前有不止一种责任,没有哪一句台词替它们找到了无损答案。

海尔茂终于承认,两人之间已经裂开深渊。他说自己可以成为另一个人,提出暂时像兄妹一样同住,又请求她至少等到明天。娜拉没有把这些话当成已经发生的改变,也没有声称他此后一生都不可能改变。她只是判断,自己现在不能继续留在这里。她拿来帽子、外衣和小旅行袋,准备先去朋友那里过夜。对下一步,她有一个去处;对今后的人生,她并没有完整计划。

最后,两人交还戒指。娜拉留下钥匙,说明自己的东西将由朋友来收拾,又说,一切结束了。先前海尔茂也不断说,事情已经过去;他指的是威胁退去,原来的生活可以恢复。娜拉此刻所结束的,却正是那种原样继续的生活。他问她以后是否还会想起自己,她回答,会想起他、孩子和这个家。离开没有使八年生活从记忆里消失,也不必靠消失才能发生。

他还想知道,自己是否永远只能成为陌生人。娜拉说,除非两个人都发生巨大的改变,使共同生活真正成为婚姻;她已经不再相信这样的奇迹,他却愿意继续相信。剧本没有让这份希望立即变成和解,也没有把他留在屋里的悔痛算作已经完成的修复。娜拉经过门厅离开,海尔茂坐下,把脸埋进手中,随后起身看着空房间。舞台没有跟出去替她展示一个更好的明天。楼下传来关门声。

夜已經很深,女傭送來第二封信,說是給女主人的。海爾茂接過信,沒有交給娜拉。他站在燈旁拆開,先讀幾行,又看見裡面附著的紙,忽然歡呼起來:自己獲救了。娜拉問,那我呢?他趕緊回答,你當然也獲救了,我們兩個人都獲救了。那張曾經使敲詐成為可能的債據已經退回,寫信的人也表示不再追究。剛才還可能毀掉整個家庭的東西,如今就在他手中。

他不願再仔細看那張債據,把它與兩封信一起撕碎,扔進火爐,看著紙燒掉。這場災難應當只剩一個噩夢了。他也終於想到,娜拉這三天一定非常難過;她回答,自己的確打了一場艱苦的仗。他隨即阻止回憶繼續向下:不要再想那些可怕的事,只要高興,事情已經過去。可娜拉的面孔沒有隨著火焰恢復從前的神色。海爾茂替她找到解釋:她大概還不相信,自己已經得到原諒。

在第二封信到來以前,他讀到的是另一種消息。多年前,為了讓重病的丈夫去南方休養,娜拉秘密借了錢,還在擔保文書上冒簽父親姓名。她一直設法償還,也一直沒有讓丈夫知道錢的真正來源。如今,放款人柯洛克斯泰用這件事施加壓力。救丈夫的動機是真的,隱瞞和偽造也是真的;她不能僅憑愛情,便讓自己做過的事不再需要說明。

然而,海爾茂讀完第一封信,並沒有與她一起商量怎樣面對。他鎖上通往門廳的門,要求她留下接受追問,指責她毀掉了自己的幸福與前途。接下來的安排也由他宣佈:對外仍像一對正常夫妻,她繼續住在家中,卻不能再教育孩子。他要輓救的是尚能保住的外觀。娜拉就站在同一個房間裡,聽見自己從令人驕傲的妻子變成必須受管束的危險。

現在,債據退回了,海爾茂的恐懼也退了。他的喜悅不必是假,願意重新照顧妻子的心情也未必全是表演。他確實想到她受過驚嚇,想把她安頓下來,許諾以後不再責備。只是這份照顧已經替兩個人決定了問題是什麼:娜拉犯了錯,他受到連累,現在他願意寬恕,生活便可以繼續。她還沒有說出自己究竟看見了什麼,結論就已經替她準備好了。

於是,一句本來可能修補關係的話,在這裡反復錯過了聽者。海爾茂說的是原諒她,並不是為剛才威脅、羞辱和單方面安排她的生活向她道歉。他要她不再計較自己驚慌時說過的重話,又保證她仍然可愛,因為她雖然沒有判斷手段的能力,卻畢竟出於愛。她以後只需依靠他,由他指導。能夠承認她的好意,與能夠承認她也有資格判斷這段婚姻,在他的話裡仍然隔著一段距離。

娜拉謝過他的原諒,走進旁邊的房間,脫下舞會服裝。海爾茂站在敞開的門邊繼續安慰。他把自己比作展開翅膀的保護者,把她比作剛逃離鷹爪的鴿子;他還解釋,丈夫寬恕妻子以後,會覺得她更加屬於自己,彷彿重新給了她生命,她也就同時成為妻子與孩子。他以為這些話會使她安心。娜拉再次出現時,卻已換上日常衣服,告訴他,今晚不睡了。

她看一眼表,在桌邊坐下,請海爾茂坐到對面。剛才,丈夫還在門邊說明她明天應當怎樣恢復快樂;現在,她要求兩個人坐下來,花時間談他以為已經解決的事。海爾茂說自己不明白,她回答,他從未真正理解她,而在今晚以前,自己也沒有真正理解他。這場談話不再以讓她平靜為目的,而是要讓她的話有機會改變他們對生活的理解。

她從父親說起。父親有自己的見解,她便隨聲附和;若有不同想法,就藏起來,以免惹他不快。結婚以後,她又按照丈夫的趣味生活。回頭看,她甚至不能完全確定,自己究竟真的喜歡那些東西,還是只學會了表現得喜歡。有時是一種,有時又是另一種。她不是拿出一份早已完成的真實自我,證明這些年全被別人壓住;她正在發現,自己還有許多判斷,從未在不取悅誰的情況下認真做過。

海爾茂聽見這裡,並非一點也沒有聽進去。他承認她的話有些道理,雖然在自己看來說得太過。於是他提出改變:遊戲結束了,以後開始教育。娜拉反問,教育誰,是我還是孩子?他回答,兩者都是。這幾句短短的來回,把問題留在桌子中間。他願意改變教導的方法,卻仍自然地把自己放在教師的位置。她剛說自己一直像個孩子,他提供的補救,仍然是把這個孩子教得更好。

夫妻可以互相提醒,海爾茂對借款和偽造的擔憂也並非全無根據。困難在於,他是否容許娜拉的回答改變誰來判斷、怎樣共同生活,而不只是補充自己需要瞭解的情況。兩個人可以有能力差別,也可以互相依靠;若每次出現異議,最後都只剩一個人需要學習,另一個人負責說明正確答案,親近便很難成為共同商量。

他們曾經有過的歡樂,不必因此全部變成騙局。娜拉自己也承認,海爾茂一直待她親切,生活裡有許多使人高興的事。她現在重新區分的是,高興與她所需要的共同生活是不是同一回事。她確實得到過寵愛,卻沒有在重要事情上被當作能判斷的成年人。她離開,並不需要先把每一次笑聲和照顧都宣佈無效。

她也必須離開自己給丈夫編排的角色。來信揭開秘密以前,她一直期待一個奇跡:海爾茂會拒絕敲詐,並挺身把責任攬到自己身上。她又不願他真的這樣犧牲。她把他的愛情預想成一種不惜代價的擔當,卻沒有與眼前這個人共同談過,事情真的發生時該怎樣處理。現在她承認,自己所等待的丈夫與實際站在房裡的人並不相同。這不使雙方的責任對稱,卻使她的變化不只是審判別人,也包含放下自己原來的期待。

當海爾茂說,他願為她工作、忍受貧窮,卻不能為愛情犧牲名譽時,兩人的分歧終於不能再靠溫柔稱呼遮過去。娜拉回答,已有許多女人這樣做過。她不再等待那一場想象中的犧牲發生,才允許自己繼續活下去。她轉而要弄清,愛情在沒有奇跡的日常裡,應當給彼此什麼位置。

談話接著碰到宗教、法律與母親的責任。海爾茂把它們當作應當使她停下的依據,娜拉卻一再說,自己還沒有弄懂。她不再滿足於重復多數人的說法或書中的現成答案,但也沒有宣佈所有答案都已經在自己這裡。她認為首先必須教育自己,瞭解自己與周圍的世界。她的堅定不是對全部人生都有把握,而是知道,不能繼續把尚未弄明白的事交給丈夫替自己回答。

孩子使這一決定不能輕易變成一聲喝彩。娜拉認為,自己目前還不能承擔好教育他們的工作,孩子留在現有照料中更妥當;這是她的判斷,不是劇本替未來做出的保證。三個孩子沒有進入最後這場談話,他們將怎樣經歷母親的離開,仍是一個未被回答的問題。她與他們的關係不會因交還戒指就隨之解除。但孩子確實需要照料,也不能反過來證明,她只有留在原來的婚姻安排裡才有資格成為母親。門前有不止一種責任,沒有哪一句台詞替它們找到了無損答案。

海爾茂終於承認,兩人之間已經裂開深淵。他說自己可以成為另一個人,提出暫時像兄妹一樣同住,又請求她至少等到明天。娜拉沒有把這些話當成已經發生的改變,也沒有聲稱他此後一生都不可能改變。她只是判斷,自己現在不能繼續留在這裡。她拿來帽子、外衣和小旅行袋,準備先去朋友那裡過夜。對下一步,她有一個去處;對今後的人生,她並沒有完整計劃。

最後,兩人交還戒指。娜拉留下鑰匙,說明自己的東西將由朋友來收拾,又說,一切結束了。先前海爾茂也不斷說,事情已經過去;他指的是威脅退去,原來的生活可以恢復。娜拉此刻所結束的,卻正是那種原樣繼續的生活。他問她以後是否還會想起自己,她回答,會想起他、孩子和這個家。離開沒有使八年生活從記憶裡消失,也不必靠消失才能發生。

他還想知道,自己是否永遠只能成為陌生人。娜拉說,除非兩個人都發生巨大的改變,使共同生活真正成為婚姻;她已經不再相信這樣的奇跡,他卻願意繼續相信。劇本沒有讓這份希望立即變成和解,也沒有把他留在屋裡的悔痛算作已經完成的修復。娜拉經過門廳離開,海爾茂坐下,把臉埋進手中,隨後起身看著空房間。舞台沒有跟出去替她展示一個更好的明天。樓下傳來關門聲。

Text & sources文本与来源文本與來源

This reading follows Act III from the second letter to Nora’s departure, with the borrowing history drawn from Act I. The working text is R. Farquharson Sharp’s English translation. It discusses the ending and the actions specified in the play.

本文细读第三幕第二封信到来至娜拉离场的结尾,借款前史参照第一幕。依据R. Farquharson Sharp英译;中文人物话语为短译与译述。讨论包括全剧结局,所写动作以剧本文本为准。

本文細讀第三幕第二封信到來至娜拉離場的結尾,借款前史參照第一幕。依據R. Farquharson Sharp英譯;中文人物話語為短譯與譯述。討論包括全劇結局,所寫動作以劇本文本為準。